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{{Infobox_Company |
  company_name   = Arch Coal, Inc. |
  company_type   = Public ([[NYSE]]: [http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=ACI ACI]) |
  foundation     = 1969 (founded) <br> 1997 (current corporation) | 
 location        = St. Louis, Missouri|
  key_people     = Steven F. Leer, Chairman/CEO<br/>John W. Eaves, President/COO |
  num_employees  = 4,030 (2007) |
  industry       = Coal Mining|
  products       = Coal|
  revenue        = $2.41 billion U.S (2007)|
  homepage       = http://www.archcoal.com/
}}

'''''Note: On June 15, 2011, Arch Coal acquired [[International Coal Group]].'''''


'''Arch Coal''' is a United States coal mining and processing company. The company mines, processes, and markets bituminous and sub-bituminous coal with low sulfur content in the United States. Arch Coal is the second largest supplier of coal in the U.S.,<ref>[http://www.hoovers.com/arch-coal,-inc./--ID__10134--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml Arch Coal, Inc.] Hoovers.com fact-sheet, accessed November 2008</ref> second only to [[Peabody Energy]]<ref>[http://www.hoovers.com/peabody-energy/--ID__56753--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml Hoovers.com Fact-sheet on Peabody Energy] (Retrieved 10/10/06)</ref>. Arch Coal claims to supply 16% of the domestic market<ref>[http://www.archcoal.com/aboutus/ "About Us,"] Arch Coal website, accessed November 2008</ref>. Demand comes mainly from generators of electricity.<ref>[http://www.hoovers.com/arch-coal,-inc./--ID__10134--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml "Arch Coal,"] Hoovers.com</ref> Arch Coal states that it supplies coal to "148 U.S. power plants in 33 states" and has "customers in more than a dozen countries worldwide. Through its national network of mines, Arch Coal provides 6 percent of the electricity generated in the United States."<ref name="Clean Coal">Arch Coal, [http://news.archcoal.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=351877 "Arch Coal Pledges $5 Million to Washington University's Energy Consortium to Advance Clean Coal Technology"], Media Release, December 2, 2008.</ref>

On June 15, 2011, Arch Coal completed its $3.4B acquisition of West Virginia coal producer [[International Coal Group]]. The deal will expand Arch's coal reserves in [[Appalachia]], and the company said it will rank as the nation’s second largest supplier of metallurgical coal.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/arch-coal-completes-34b-acquisition-of-west-virginia-coal-producer-icg/2011/06/15/AGd93tVH_story.html "Arch Coal completes $3.4B acquisition of West Virginia coal producer ICG"] Washington Post, June 15, 2011.</ref> Arch reported $3,186 million in revenues in 2010, the company’s most profitable year in history.<ref name=arc>[http://www.archcoal.com/aboutus/ "About Us,"] Arch Coal website, accessed July 2011</ref>

==Coal Reserves==
Arch Coal operates 14 mining complexes and controls approximately 5.5 billion tons of proven and probable coal reserves, located in Central Appalachia, the [[Powder River Basin]], and the Western Bituminous regions.<ref name=arc/> The company operates mines in Colorado, Kentucky, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Montana and Wyoming, and is headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri.<ref>[http://finapps.forbes.com/finapps/jsp/finance/compinfo/CIAtAGlance.jsp?tkr=ACI Forbes profile ACI Forbes profile] (retrieved 10/10/06)</ref>  The company sells a substantial amount of its coal to producers of electric power, steel producers and industrial facilities.

===Future coal plans===
In November of 2009 the bank HSBC released a report entitled, "The Green Side of Black" that made estimates about coal's involvement in the future of the U.S. energy economy. In it, the bank reported that coal, even under cap-and-trade, will be a lucrative industry in the future. The author of the report also stated that Wyoming's [[Powder River Basin]] will be growing faster than other coal regions in the United States. The HSBC report stated that in [[Arch Coal]] and [[Peabody Energy]] will be especially prosperous because of their extensive involvement in the Powder River Basin.<ref>[http://www.wvpubcast.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=12218 Bank predicts bright future for Wyoming coal under cap-and-trade], Erica Peterson, West Virgina Public Broadcasting, November 30, 2009.</ref>

== History ==
Arch Mineral Corporation was founded in 1969 as a partnership between Ashland Oil (now Ashland, Inc.) and the H. L. Hunt family of Dallas, Texas.  Ashland Coal, Inc. was formed in 1975 as a subsidiary of Ashland Oil. The privately held Arch Mineral Corporation merged with Ashland Coal, Inc. in July 1997, creating the present-day company.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9904E7DF113DF936A35757C0A961958260 "Ashland Coal and Arch Mineral Are Set to Link"], ''New York Times'', April 5, 1997.</ref>

In early May 2011, Arch Coal announced that it would take over the [[International Coal Group]] in a cash transaction worth $3.4 billion. Arch stated that the combined company would be "the second largest U.S. metallurgical coal supplier and a top-five overall global coal producer and marketer". The company stated that it estimated that the combined company would have total shipments of approximately 179 million tons of coal and $4.3 billion in revenues with approximately "50 percent of earnings generated from eastern operations and 50 percent from western operations." Bridge financing for the deal was provided by [[Morgan Stanley]] and [[PNC]]. The company stated that it expected the deal to be completed in the second quarter of 2011.<ref>Arch Coal, [http://news.archcoal.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=107109&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1557665&highlight= "Arch Coal To Acquire ICG for $3.4 Billion"], Media Release, May 2, 2011.</ref>

In Feb. 2011, former Wyoming Gov. [[Dave Freudenthal]] was elected to the board of directors of Arch Coal.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-23/former-wyoming-governor-joins-arch-coal-board.html "Former Wyoming governor joins Arch Coal board"] Bloomberg, Feb. 23, 2011.</ref>

In May 2011 Arch Coal announced that it was establishing a new subsidiary, Arch Coal Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd., and named [[Renato Paladino]] president. The new office will be located in Singapore and will be used as a hub for [[coal exports]] in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/arch-coal-establishes-asia-pacific-subsidiary-names-paladino-president-121492324.html "Arch Coal Establishes Asia-Pacific Subsidiary, Names Paladino President"] PR Newswire, May 9, 2011.</ref>

==Arch Coal Mines==
[[Powder River Basin]] area:
*[[Black Thunder Mine]] (Wyoming) 
*[[Coal Creek Mine]] (Wyoming) 

Western Bituminous:
*[[Arch of Wyoming Mine]] (Wyoming)
*[[Dugout Canyon Mine]] (Utah)
*[[Sufco Mine]] (Utah) 
*[[Skyline Complex]] (Utah)
*[[West Elk Mine]] (Colorado)

Central Appalachia:
*[[Band Mill 2 Mine]] (Kentucky)
*[[Blue Ridge Surface Mine]] (Kentucky)
*[[Clover Fork 1 Mine]] (Kentucky)
*[[Coal-Mac Mine]] (West Virginia)
*[[Cumberland River Mine]] (Virginia)
*[[Darby Fork No 1 Mine]] (Kentucky)
*[[Hampton Mine]] (Virginia)
*[[Holden 22 Surface Mine]] (West Virginia)
*[[Huff Creek Mine]] (Kentucky)
*[[Lone Mountain Mine]] (Kentucky/Virginia)
*[[Mountain Laurel Complex]] (West Virginia)
*[[Mountaineer II Mine]] (West Virginia)
*[[Pardee Surface Mine]] (Virginia)
*[[Parson 1 Mine]] (Kentucky)
*[[Spruce 1 Mine]] (West Virginia) 

===Arch Coal mining violations===
Arch subsidiary Cumberland River Coal Co. received an imminent danger notice from federal regulators on October 14, 2010 after three coal trucks operated by an independent contractor, Lemar Trucking Co. Inc., were allegedly operating in an unsafe manner on a mine haul and access road at Pine Branch 1 coal mine in Appalachia, Virginia.

Then on October 15, 2010, another Arch subsidiary, Canyon Fuel Co., received an imminent danger order from the federal government about a pipe in its rock dust transfer system that was improperly grounded at [[Dugout Canyon Mine]] in Utah.<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2010/10/18/arch-coal-discloses-mine-problems.html "http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2010/10/18/arch-coal-discloses-mine-problems.html"] Kelsey Volkmann, ''St Louis Business Journal'', October 18, 2010.</ref>

===Arch Coal to pay four million for mining violations===
On March 1, 2011, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Justice Department announced that Arch Coal had agreed to pay a $4 million dollar penalty for alleged violations of the [[Clean Water Act]] in Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky, and will implement changes to its mining operations to ensure compliance. In the [http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/decrees/civil/cwa/arch-cd.pdf  settlement], Arch Coal agreed to take measures that will prevent an estimated 2 million pounds of pollution from entering the nation’s waters each year. Arch will also implement a treatment system to reduce discharges of [[selenium]], a pollutant found in mine discharges, which can run off and build up in streams, with adverse impacts on aquatic organisms. Arch Coal agreed to implement a series of inspections, audits and tracking measures to ensure treatment systems are working properly.<ref name=cwas>[http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/cases/civil/cwa/arch.html "Arch Coal Clean Water Act Settlement"] EPA, accessed March 2011.</ref>

A joint federal-state complaint filed in U.S. District Court in the Southern District of West Virginia by the United States, West Virginia, and Kentucky alleged numerous violations of Arch Coal’s permits that set limits on pollutants to be discharged into streams. The alleged excess discharges of [[iron]], total suspended solids, [[manganese]] and other pollutants reflect deficiencies in operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment systems in place at four of the company’s mining facilities: Coal Mac, Inc; Lone Mountain Processing, Inc; Cumberland River Coal Co.; and Mingo Logan Coal Co. Under the settlement, $2 million of the $4 million civil penalty will be paid to the United States and the remaining $2 million will be divided between West Virginia and Kentucky based on the percentage of alleged violations in each state.<ref name=cwas/>

On Oct. 3, 2011, a coalition of conservation and environmental groups announced completion of a legal settlement with Arch Coal and its subsidiaries, which will require the coal mining company to clean up toxic run off from six coal mines in Logan County, West Virginia. The original suit was filed against Arch in June of 2010 for violating limits on [[selenium]] at those locations. Under the deal, Arch Coal agreed to install new equipment to control discharges, and agreed to pay the citizen groups' legal expenses, pay a $200,000 fine to the federal government, and contribute $1.8 million to the Land Use and Sustainable Development Clinic at West Virginia University’s College of Law. The settlement also requires strict monitoring of selenium treatment at the six sites: if the mines continue to discharge selenium above permit limits, Arch Coal will have to pay up to $25,000 for each new violation.<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2011/10/03/arch-coal-to-pay-2-million-to-clean.html "Arch Coal to pay $2 million to clean up mine pollution"] St. Louis Business Journal, October 3, 2011.</ref>

===Colorado coal mine OK seen as a reversal of roadless rule===
On November 8, 2011 the United States Forest Service approved a 1,700-acre expansion of the [[West Elk Mine]] on Colorado’s Western Slope.

West Elk is owned by Arch Coal, who praised the decision for its job-saving potential. Environmental groups blasted the USFS ruling for its possible industrialization of the pristine Sunset Trail roadless area adjacent to the West Elk Wilderness Area. The West Elk mine expansion would be mostly underground, however Arch Coal would construct up to 48 well pads and 6.5 miles of roads in the Sunset Trail area in order to vent methane gas from the coal mine. 

“The Forest Service is snatching defeat from the jaws of victory,” said Earthjustice attorney Ted Zukoski. “The administration should not be paving the way for an incursion into roadless lands when a court has just upheld its authority to protect those lands. This administration promised to protect Colorado roadless areas as well or better than the 2001 Roadless Rule required. It doesn’t look like they intend to live up to that promise.”<Ref>[http://coloradoindependent.com/105553/colorado-coal-mine-ok-blasted-as-roadless-rule-reversal-by-obama-administration "Colorado coal mine OK blasted as Obama roadless rule reversal"] David O. Williams, The Colorado Independent, November 9, 2011.</ref>

==U.S. Justice Department has filed suit against Arch Coal Inc.==
On Friday, April 8, 2011 the U.S. Dept. of Justice sued Arch Coal along with three other companies for being allegedly responsible the contamination at the Cape Girardeau site because the company arranged for disposal of transformers and other electrical equipment that contained cancer-causing PCBs. The lawsuit was filed in an attempt to hold the companies liable for any future cleanup costs or damages.

The government alleged in its suit that Arch's predecessor, Arch Minerals Corp., is partly for the contamination.

It was reported that the lawsuit represented the latest movement in a long-running effort to clean up the 6-acre site where Missouri Electric Works Inc. sold, serviced and repaired electrical transformers and other equipment from the years of 1954 to 1988. In the 1980s environmental regulators discovered that much of the property had been contaminated with PCB-laced oil from transformers and storage drums, contaminating the soil and groundwater with toxic chemicals.

The cleanup of the site began years ago, as are efforts to collect money from companies believed to be responsible for the pollution.<ref>[http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/article_25a23caa-140b-5096-914a-4c3cdfbbe429.html "U.S. sues Arch Coal, 3 other firm"] Jeffrey Tomich, STLToday.com, April 13, 2011.</ref>

==Powder River Basin Mining Rights and Operations==
On November 12, 2009 [[Arch Coal]] (ACI) announced that it is leasing 9,600 acres in southeastern Montana's [[Powder River Basin]]. It is estimated that the property holds 731 million tons of coal reserves. The company will pay [[Great Northern Properties]] five annual installments of $73.1 million.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20091112-720656.html Arch Coal Leases Great Northern Properties' Land In Montana], Kathy Shwiff, ''Wall Street Journal'', November, 12, 2009.</ref>

On March 17, 2010 [[Arch Coal]] put in the first bid for rights to mine Montana's [[Otter Creek]] coal at $86 million. This would include future royalties for the right to mine a 500 million tons of state-owned coal in southeastern Montana near the Wyoming border in the area known as the [[Powder River Basin]]. As of early 2010, Arch controlled 731 million tons of coal in Otter Creek. On March 18 it was announced that the Montana Land Board approved the company's bid and will now have the rights to mine 8,300 acres in the area.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9EGDN980.htm Arch bids $86M for Mont.-owned Otter Creek coal] Matthew Brown, ''Business Week'' March 7, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1824636620100318 "Arch Coal boosts Powder River Basin reserves"] Reuters, March 18, 2010</ref>

In all Arch Coal controls 1.5 billion tons of coal on state and private land in Otter Creek. In June, 2010 the company along with Montana Governor Brian Schweitzer, toured Otter Creek where Arch Coal executives stated that they will aggressively pursue state permitting and hope to begin mining by the middle of the decade. 

In July 2010, two separate lawsuits were filed by the Sierra Club and Montana Environmental Information Center which challenged the state lease on the grounds that the Montana Land Board did not properly address the 2.4 billion tons of carbon dioxide emitted by the mined coal prior to the lease.<ref>[http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/article_f55b329c-8efc-11df-b64a-001cc4c03286.html "Arch Coal says it will be aggressive"] Tom Lutley, ''Billings Gazette'', July 13, 2010.</ref>

In December, 2010 attorneys for the state of Montana defended the lease of 587 million tons of state-owned coal. Representatives of Arch Coal Inc. as well as the Montana Attorney general's office asked a state judge to dismiss the lawsuits challenging the Otter Creek sale. Attorneys for Arch and the state said that review must be done before mining, not at the leasing stage.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-09/montana-defends-otter-creek-coal-sale-in-court.html "Montana defends Otter Creek coal sale in court"] Bloomberg, December 9, 2010.</ref> 

In January 2011, District Court Judge ruled that the groups' lawsuit challenging the Otter Creek Coal Mine was allowed to proceed.<ref>[http://www.sierraclub.org/environmentallaw/lawsuits/0478.aspx "Montana District Court Rules Lawsuit Against Otter Creek Coal Mine May Proceed -- Mining Implicates Constitutional Right to a Clean and Healthful Environment"] Sierra Club Press Release, January 14, 2011.</ref>

===Judge Upholds Environmental Court Challenge===
In January 2011 District Judge Joe Hegel rejected an attempt by [[Arch Coal]] and the state of Montana to dismiss lawsuits brought in 2010 by four environmental groups. The rejection of the coal industry and state's challenge will allow the groups to move forward with their lawsuit, which claimed that the sale should have been reviewed under the Montana Environmental Policy Act.

Attorneys for Arch and the state had argued such a review must be done before mining, not at the leasing stage. However, Judge Hegel stated environmentalists had made a reasonable claim — that waiting until a mining application comes in could be too late to protect the constitutional right to a clean and healthful environment.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=12582325 "Judge: Lawsuit Against Mont. Coal Lease Can Go On"] Matthew Brown, January 10, 2011.</ref>

===Warren Buffet and Bill Gates visit Arch Coal's [[Black Thunder Mine]]===
In November 2010 Warren Buffet and billionaire Bill Gates, a Berkshire director, visited the [[Black Thunder Mine]] in the [[Powder River Basin]] in Wyoming. Buffett was quoted later as saying that he found the trip to the mine “fascinating.” Neither gave interviews during the tour, but some speculated that the trip was an indication that the two were looking to invest in the coal mining project, including coal exports to Asia.<ref>[http://www.investingdaily.com/id/18175/warren-buffett-is-betting-big-on-coal.html "Warren Buffett is Betting Big on Coal"] Jim Fink, ''Investing Daily'', January 6, 2011.</ref> However, in the past Bill Gates has stated that coal and natural gas must be phased out by 2050.<ref>[http://news.mongabay.com/2010/0212-gates.html "Bill Gates: ban coal and invest in clean energy technology"] Mongabay.com, February 12, 2010.</ref>

===State of Montana Sides with Arch Coal in Court Challenge===
The State of Montana and Arch Coal Inc. sided against environmental groups in September 2011 when the groups attempted to stop the company's plan to mine 1.3 billion ton Otter Creek research near the Northern Cheyenne Reservation. Arch paid $159 million to both Montana and [[Great Northern Properties]] for the Otter Creek lease. The deal was backed from Montana Gov. Brian Schweitzer. 

The Sierra Club and other groups asked District Judge Joe Hegel to cancel the 10-year lease. The groups wanted more studies of the environmental impacts of the mine, including the greenhouse gas emissions that will come from the burning of coal. State officials and Arch Coal said studies will come later but that the permit should not be revoked.<ref>[http://www.chron.com/news/article/Montana-lines-up-with-Arch-Coal-to-defend-mine-2186895.php "Montana lines up with Arch Coal to defend mine"] Matthew Brown, Associated Press, September 24, 2011.</ref>

== Political Donations and Lobbying ==
In 2009, the coal mining lobby donated $10,423,347 to members of Congress. Of that, the top three major contributors included [[Arch Coal]], [[CONSOL Energy]] and [[Peabody Energy]].<ref>[http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=E1210&goButt2.x=12&goButt2.y=8&goButt2=Submit "Coal Mining: Long-Term Contribution Trends"] OpenSecrets.org, accessed January 27, 2010.</ref>

The Arch Coal PAC (political action committee) is a substantial donor to [[West Virginia]] politicians.<ref>David Payton, [http://www.wvoter-owned.org/news/2006/01_09.html "Coal companies are big political donors"], Citizens for Clean Elections,  January 9, 2006.</ref>

The company spent $760,000 on staff lobbyists in 2008 which during the year included [[Thomas Altmeyer]] and [[John Snider]].<ref>[http://projects.publicintegrity.org/climatelobby/Details.aspx?ID=342 "Arch Coal"], Center for Public Integrity, accessed March 2009.</ref>

In 2009 Arch Coal spent over $2.32 million on lobbying efforts. In 2010, Arch Coal spent $1.9 million and as of July 2011, they spent $920,000.<ref>[http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000019258&year=2011 "Annual Lobbying by Arch Coal"] OpenSecrets.org, accessed August 1, 2011.</ref>

== Mountaintop Removal ==

The company practices [[mountaintop removal]] mining, which is controversial because it reduces the height of mountains (sometimes by 600 to 800 feet), removes all vegetation and places mining waste or overburden into mountain streams, causing flooding, erosion, and water contamination.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/region3/mtntop/eis.htm EPA Environmental Impact Statement]</ref> In 2009, [[JPMorgan Chase]] helped finance $600 million for Arch Coal, which that year mined 4.7 million tons of coal using MTR.<ref name="mj">Andy Kroll,[http://motherjones.com/politics/2010/03/jpmorgan-mountaintop-removal-mining "JPMorgan’s War on Nature"] Mother Jones, March 30, 2010.</ref>  

Arch Coal's West Virginia mining operations in the Appalachian Mountains were the subject of a critical documentary in 2002 on ''Now with Bill Moyers'' on PBS.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/now/science/coalupdate.html Now with Bill Moyers, "The Cost of Coal"], PBS, May 30, 2003.</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/now/science/coal.html Now with Bill Moyers, "The Cost of Coal" Update], PBS, August 2, 2002.</ref>.  

Arch's Dal-Tex mining operations above the town of Blair, West Virginia were the subject of a 1998 ''US News and World Report'' story "Shear Madness" by Penny Loeb <ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/970811/archive_007620.htm "Shear Madness"] U.S. News and World Report, August 3, 1997.</ref>. The story documented the impacts of mountaintop removal on communities close to the mines and their subsequent depopulation. A landmark 1999 lawsuit brought by the West Virginia Highlands Conservancy, ''Bragg v. Robertson'' was the first successful citizen lawsuit to stop Arch's proposed mountaintop removal valley fill.  The fill would have buried several miles of stream at Pigeon Roost Hollow near Blair, West Virginia <ref>[http://www.tlpj.org/briefs/mountpi.htm U.S. District Court, Southern District of West Virginia, Charleston Division, Patricia Bragg v. Dana Robertson, Memorandum Opinion and Order Granting Preliminary Injunction], February 1999.</ref>  

In his ruling for the plaintiffs, Judge Charles H. Haden stated that "If there is any life form that cannot acclimate to life deep in a rubble pile, it is eliminated. No effect on related environmental values is more adverse than obliteration...Under a valley fill the water quality of the stream becomes zero. Because there is no stream, there is no water quality."<ref>Francis X. Clines, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5D61F38F933A05753C1A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Senator Leads Move to Block Ruling on Strip Mines,"] ''New York Times'', October 30, 1999.</ref>

===EPA goes back and forth on permit for West Virginia surface mine===
On October 16, 2009, the EPA announced that it planned to use its authority to halt the permit for Mingo Logan Coal's [[Spruce 1 Mine]], which is owned by Arch Coal. The agency said it was acting on its authority for the first time since the [[Clean Water Act]] was enacted in 1972. The project at issue would be the largest authorized [[mountaintop removal]] operation in Appalachia. In a letter to the Army Corps of Engineers, EPA Regional Administrator William Early said the action "reflects the magnitude and scale of anticipated direct, indirect, and cumulative adverse environmental impacts associated with this mountaintop removal mining operation."<ref>John Raby, [http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h1AvrjZnz0-UgFmcZcVRZScE-rOQD9BCGN0O0 "EPA plans to veto surface mining permit in W.Va.,"] Associated Press, October 17, 2009.</ref>

However, on January 5, 2010, a federal court in West Virginia agreed to extend a deadline for discussions with Arch Coal Inc.'s Mingo Logan Mining Co. about the mine's permit, which was halted in October.<ref>Siobhan Hughes, [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126272441988216829.html "EPA Softens Stance on Mountaintop Coal Mining,"] ''Wall Street Journal'', January 5, 2010.</ref>

On March 2, 2010 the EPA announced that it had granted a Clean Water Act permit for the [[Hobet 45]] mine in Lincoln County, West Virginia after Hobet Mining LLC, a company owned by [[Patriot Coal]], had agreed to additional "significant protections" against environmental impacts. The permit now must be approved by the Army Corps of Engineers. Additionally, the EPA said it extended the agency's talks with Mingo Logan Mining Co., owned by Arch Coal, in regard to environmental and water quality concerns about its Spruce No. 1 mine in Logan County, West Virginia. Opponents of the permits, citing groundwater pollution from mountaintop removal projects stated that, “Enforceable minimum waste management requirements for dry disposal of coal ash in landfills should include siting restrictions, liners, groundwater monitoring, leachate collection, and financial assurance, closure requirements, post-closure care, and corrective action.”<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/index/display/article-display/0608701222/articles/industrial-waterworld/2010/issue-1/columns/epa-approves_mountaintop.html "EPA Approves Mountaintop Removal Coal Mine"] Patrick Crow, WaterWorld.com, March 2, 2010.</ref>

On March 26, 2010, it was announced that the EPA was to veto [[Arch Coal]]'s [[Spruce 1 Mine]]. The project would be the largest [[mountaintop removal]] venture in the entire Appalachia region. As of March 28, 2010 the company said it would defend the mining proposal.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704100604575145883546209258.html?mod=googlenews_wsj "EPA Signals It Might Block Mountaintop Coal Permit"] Ian Talley, ''Wall Street Journal'', March 26, 2010.</ref>

===January 2011: EPA vetoes water permit===
On January 13, 2011, it was announced that the [[EPA]] had vetoed the water permit for the mine, the largest single [[mountaintop removal]] permit in West Virginia history. In making its decision to veto the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ approval of the 2,300-acre mine, [http://wvgazette.com/static/coal%20tattoo/sprucefinalveto.pdf "Final Determination of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pursuant to § 404(c) of the Clean Water Act Concerning the Spruce No. 1 Mine, Logan County, West Virginia"], EPA noted that it reviewed more than 50,000 public comments and held a major public hearing in West Virginia. EPA officials said their agency is “acting under the law and using the best science available to protect water quality, wildlife and [[Appalachian]] communities who rely on clean waters for drinking, fishing and swimming.”<ref name=ct>Ken Ward Jr., [http://blogs.wvgazette.com/coaltattoo/2011/01/13/breaking-news-epa-vetoes-spruce-mine-permit/ "Breaking news: EPA vetoes Spruce Mine permit"] Coal Tattoo, Jan. 13, 2011.</ref>

===January 2011: Report shows Arch Coal rejected reducing environmental impacts at Spruce Mine===
On January 17, 2011, reporter Ken Ward revealed that Arch Coal had reportedly refused to consider paying an extra 55 cents a ton for coal in order to meet [[EPA]] and [[Clean Water Act]] standards for a [[mountaintop removal]] operation in West Virginia - [[Spruce 1 Mine]] - despite posting over $700 million in earnings for 2010.<ref name=kwj>Ken Ward Jr., [http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201101171363 "Spruce Mine could have reduced impacts, report says"] Charleston Gazette, Jan. 18, 2011.</ref> 

Ward uncovered a Sep. 2010 engineering report prepared for the EPA which showed that Arch Coal could have cut the stream damage from its proposed Spruce Mine in half without significantly increasing coal-production costs. Specifically, permanent and temporary stream burial could have been cut from 8.3 miles to about 3.4 miles under one alternative mining plan developed for EPA by engineering firm Morgan Worldwide. The alternative mining plan would have raised production costs for Arch subsidiary Mingo Logan Coal Co. by 55 cents per ton, about 1 percent of the expected per-ton sales price, according to the report obtained under the federal [[Freedom of Information Act]]. Arch Coal did not adopt the recommended changes for the Spruce Mine, and in early Jan. 2011, EPA officials revoked the operation's Clean Water Act permit, citing "destructive and unsustainable mining practices" proposed by the company.<ref name=kwj/>

West Virginia political leaders have harshly criticized EPA for its action against the Spruce Mine, and the EPA decision prompted Acting Gov. [[Earl Ray Tomblin]] to announce a "rally for coal" at the Capitol. Ward points out that supporters of the Spruce Mine have not publicly questioned whether the company could -- or should -- have done more to reduce the project's impacts, as the uncovered report suggested.<ref name=kwj/>

==Funding for Clean Coal==

===2008: Arch Coal helps fund Consortium for Clean Coal Utilization===
In December 2008 Arch Coal announced that it would contribute $1 million a year for a five year period to fund the the establishment of the [[Consortium for Clean Coal Utilization]] at Washington University in St. Louis. The project will be run by the university's [[International Center for Advanced Renewable Energy and Sustainability]](I-CARES).<ref name="Clean Coal"/>

===2010: Arch Coal Buys Stake in Texas Power Plant===
On March 12, 2010 it was announced that [[Arch Coal]] purchased a 35 percent minority equity stake in the developing [[Trailblazer Energy Center]]. Arch stated that they will supply Trailblazer with its fuel needs for its first 20 years of operations. Coal burned in the plant will come from Arch's mines in the [[Powder River Basin]]. Arch believes that the plant will eventually utilize so-called "clean coal" technology. In 2009 Arch donated $1.5 million to the University of Wyoming for research on [[carbon sequestration]].<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9ECGMT02.htm "Arch Coal buys minority stake in Texas power plant"] ''Business Week'', March 12, 2010.</ref>

===Arch Coal invests in "clean coal" company===
On March 23, 2010 it was announced that Arch Coal invested $3 million in ADA, a "[[clean coal]]" technologies firm that has developed "technologies that improve the performance of coals from Wyoming's [[Powder River Basin]]." CEO of ADA stated in an announcement, "This investment will continue our long-standing relationship with Arch and allow the Company to fund opportunities that have the potential for significant near-term increases in revenues and earnings such as CyClean. As Congress is considering a year extension to the Section 45 tax credits, we want to be in a position to respond quickly to sell and install additional CyClean systems to produce refined coal."

CyClean technology is an additive that is added to coal prior to combustion which the company states reduces mercury and nitrogen oxide emissions.<ref>[http://www.marketwatch.com/story/arch-coal-to-make-additional-3-million-investment-in-ada-es-2010-03-23?reflink=MW_news_stmp, "Arch Coal to Make Additional $3 Million Investment in ADA-ES"] Market Waste, accessed March 25, 2010.</ref>

==Coal exports==
It was also reported in September 2011 that [[Ridley Terminals]], located in British Columbia, announced export deals with [[Arch Coal]], Black Hills Corporation and [[Cloud Peak Energy]], all of which operate coal mines in the [[Powder River Basin]]. The company is also looking into exporting coal from ports located in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.<ref name=platts>[[http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/Coal/6494157 "British Columbia export terminal can more than double capacity: official"] Steve Hooks, Platts.com, September 19, 2011.</ref>

In July 2012 a new trade group alliance was formed and included the three largest coal mining companies in the West. The group, called Alliance for Northwest Jobs & Exports, rolled out a campaign with television, radio and print ads to support exporting coal from Northwest ports.

The group is made of up 22 members including coal terminal developers, railroads, business and union groups as well as the three largest mining companies in the [[Powder River Basin]]: [[Peabody Energy]], Arch Coal and [[Cloud Peak Energy]].<ref>[http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/07/new_pro-coal_alliance_will_run.html "New pro-coal alliance will run television ads promoting coal export from the Northwest"] Scott Learn, The Oregonian, July 26, 2012.</ref>

===Northwest ports to be used to export Powder River Basin coal to Asian markets===
For more information on the proposed port developments in the western United States please visit the '''[[Coal exports from northwest United States ports]]''' article.

====Proposed Millennium Bulk Logistics Longview Terminal====
In September 2010 [[Peabody Energy]] announced that "Coal's best days are ahead." Peabody stated that exports of coal from the Powder River Basin in Montana and Wyoming will be central to its expansion goals. The ''Oregonian'' in September 2010 reported that Northwest ports, and in particular ports in Portland, Oregon, may be used in the future to export coal to Asia. The Port of Portland said it doesn't have the space for coal exports in the short-term, but its consultants cited coal as a potential long-term market if it adds terminals on West Hayden Island.{{#evp:youtube|biuUw60jCwU|Coal Export Threatens the Northwest.|left|200}}

In early November 2010 Australia-based [[Ambre Energy]] asked Cowlitz County officials in southern Washington State, which borders Oregon, to approve a port redevelopment that would allow for the export of 5 million tons of coal annually. On November 23 Cowlitz County officials approved the permit for the port redevelopment, which is to be located at the private Chinook Ventures port in Longview, Washington. Coal terminals also are proposed at two other sites along the Columbia River.<ref>[http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2010/11/cowlitz_county_approves_permit.html "Cowlitz County approves permits to export coal to Asia from port in Longview, Wash."] Scott Lean, ''The Oregonian'', November 23, 2010.</ref>{{#evp:youtube|AWYmT5nEA0M|Coalition Protests Ambre Energy's Push for Coal Exports.|right|200}}

Environmentalists stated that they would oppose any such actions, arguing that coal contributes to pollution and global warming.<ref>[http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2010/09/global_mining_companies_are_fo.html "Mining companies aim to export coal to China through Northwest ports"] Scott Learn, Oregonian, September 8, 2010.</ref> Early discussion of how many jobs the port would produce was roughly twenty total.<ref>[http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2011/03/15/strategic-withdrawal-for-longview-coal-exporter/ "Strategic withdrawal for Longview coal exporter"] Joel Connelly, Seattle Post Intelligencer, March 15, 2011.</ref>

In November 2010 Powder River Basin coal producer Cloud Peak Energy CEO Colin Marshall stated that a coal port on the West Coast was "absolutely more than a pipedream." 

Other Powder River Basin producers, including top US coal miner Peabody Energy, have talked about the potential for a new export facility on the West Coast, with Oregon and Washington being mentioned as the top locations of choice.<ref>[http://www.miningweekly.com/article/when-rather-than-if-for-new-west-coast-coal-port-2010-11-12 "'When rather than if' for new West Coast coal port"] Liezal Hall, MiningWeekly.com, November 12, 2010.</ref>

Groups including the [[Sierra Club]] and [[Columbia Riverkeeper]] have vowed to stop the industry's expansion into Asia, a market currently dominated by coal from Australia and Indonesia.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wirestory?id=12165543&page=2 "Coal Industry Seeks to Export Through Wash. State"] Matthew Brown & Phuonge Le, Associated Press, November 16, 2010.</ref>

====Proposed Terminal: [[Gateway Pacific Terminal]]====
The [[Gateway Pacific Terminal]] is a proposed terminal at Cherry Point near Ferndale, Washington, and would have a maximum capacity of about 54 million tons. On February 28, 2011, SSA Marine applied for state and federal permits for the $500 million terminal, triggering formal environmental review. If approved, the terminal would begin construction in early 2013 and operations in 2015.<ref name=js>John Stark, [http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2011/03/01/1891340/gateway-pacific-terminal-at-cherry.html#ixzz1FPb9Pknd "Gateway Pacific terminal at Cherry Point starts permit process"] The Seattle Times, March 1, 2011.</ref>

On March 1, 2011, Seattle-based SSA Marine announced it had entered into an agreement with St. Louis-based [[Peabody Energy]] to export up to 24 million metric tons of coal per year through the Gateway Pacific Terminal. Goldman Sachs owns a portion of SSA Marine's parent company. According to Peabody, the terminal in Whatcom County would serve as the West Coast hub for exporting Peabody's coal from the [[Powder River Basin]] of Wyoming and Montana to Asian markets. The project would ramp up potential [[U.S. coal exports]] to Asia from Washington state. Another coal export terminal proposed in Longview, the [[Millennium Bulk Logistics Longview Terminal]] in southwest Washington, has drawn environmental opposition. That Millennium Bulk Logistics terminal would be a joint venture between Australia-based [[Ambre Energy]] and [[Arch Coal]].<ref name=st>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2014368837_apwacherrypointterminal1stldwritethru.html "Bulk cargo terminal planned in Washington state"] Seattle Times, March 1, 2011.</ref>

Environmental groups have appealed to Washington's Shoreline Hearings Board over a permit awarded for the port by Cowlitz County commissioners.<ref name=st/>

According to Gateway Pacific Terminal's website the company plans on providing a "highly efficient portal for American producers to export dry bulk commodities such as grain, potash and coal to Asian markets." Additionally, the site contends that the "Gateway project will generate about 4,000 jobs and about $54 million a year in tax revenue for state and local services. Once in full operation, it's estimated that Gateway will provide almost $10 million a year in tax revenue, create about 280 permanent family-wage jobs directly, and nearly 1,400 additional jobs through terminal purchases and employee spending."<ref>[http://www.gatewaypacificterminal.com/project/ "Gateway Pacific Terminal Overview"] Gateway Pacific Terminal website, accessed April 19, 2011.</ref>

====BNSF Rail expansion====
In July 2011, billionaire Forrest E. Mars, Jr. reached an agreement with [[BNSF Railway]] and coal giant [[Arch Coal]] to buy one-third of the Tongue River Railroad. The purchase would prevent the construction of a proposed railway along major stretch of the Tongue River Valley in southeastern Montana - from Decker near the Wyoming border, to the southern border of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation near Birney - but would allow for the portion of the proposed railroad between O'Dell road, approximately 10 miles south of Ashland, and Miles City. Mars said he would no longer help fund ongoing legal challenges or future litigation related to the controversial 130-mile long railroad that would transport coal from Montana to Midwestern power plants and Asia.<ref>John Adams, [http://www.greatfallstribune.com/article/20110720/NEWS01/110720018 "Billionaire Mars buys portion of Tongue River Railroad"] Great Falls Tribune, July 20, 2011.</ref>

====Port of St. Helens potential candidate for coal export to Asia====
In June 2011, ''The Oregonian'' reported that the [[Port of St. Helens]] in Columbia City, Oregon was being eyed as a potential Northwest port that would export coal to Asian countries. It was also reported that [[Columbia Riverkeeper]], which opposes coal export, asked a judge to require St. Helens Port to release all of its coal-related documents. In a response, a lawyer for the port stated that doing so would violate a confidentiality agreement and "would result in the greatest harm to the public interest which can be imagined -- a loss of jobs in our community."<ref name=ore>[http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2011/06/port_of_st_helens_potential_ca.html "Port of St. Helens potential candidate for coal export to Asia"] Scott Learn, The Oregonian, June 15, 2011.</ref>

Oregon Democratic Gov. John Kitzhaber, wrote in a statement to ''The Oregonian'' that the terminal "should not happen in the dead of night. We must have an open, vigorous public debate before any projects move forward." Powder River Basin coal will be the main commodity shipped.<ref name=ore/>

====[[Port of Coos Bay]] in Oregon considers coal exports====
In July 2011, it was reported that the port in Coos Bay, Oregon was considering coal exports. "We are in discussions with coal developers and have entered into nondisclosure agreements with those companies," Port of Coos Bay CEO Jeff Bishop. "We don't want anyone to be surprised."

Bishop stated the arrival of one coal train per day would create 100 ship calls per year. However, coal exports would bring too many ships for the cargo terminal to handle, stated Bishop. "If any coal terminal is developed in Coos Bay, it would have to be a stand-alone terminal." The coal would largely come from [[Powder River Basin]] coal mines.<ref>[http://theworldlink.com/news/local/article_16869cbf-f325-54f1-920a-52778a5889e8.html "CB could become coal port again"] Gail Elber, ''The World'', July 23, 2011.</ref>

==Citizen action and protest==
===February 2009: Rising Tide Boston crashes Harvard lecture by Arch Coal CEO: Cambridge, MA===
Seven activists from [[Rising Tide North America|Rising Tide Boston]] disrupted a lecture given by Arch Coal CEO Steve Leer at Harvard University. Leer was speaking about the future of "clean coal" technology.  The activists interjected information on the impacts of coal extraction, including their final question, "What gives you the right to gamble the future of civilization on a magic technology that doesn’t exist?" While Leer tried to ignore the question, two members of Rising Tide carried a banner on stage that read "The coal bubble is bursting - Clean Coal is a Dirty Lie." The lecture was funded by [[Bank of America]], the single largest financial backer of [[Mountaintop removal|mountaintop removal]].<ref>[http://www.powerpastcoal.org/article.php?id=80 "Rising Tide Boston Crashes Talk by Arch Coal CEO,"] Power Past Coal, February 5, 2009.</ref>

===September 2010: [[Rainforest Action Network]] protests Arch Coal mine===
{{#evp:youtube|caCR3rd5Zsw|Coal Rally Against Exporting Coal Through Pacific Northwest.|right|200}
In September 2010 the [[Rainforest Action Network]] dumped 1,000 pounds of [[Appalachia]] dirt on the sidewalk of EPA headquarters in Washington DC in protest of Arch Coal's [[mountaintop removal]] operation, the [[Spruce 1 Mine]]. RAN's message: "EPA: Don't Let King Coal Dump On Appalachia." No arrests were reported.<ref>[http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/09/ran-protest-spruce.php "RAN Protests Spruce Mine at EPA HQ"] Daniel Kessler, Treehugger.com, September 14, 2010.</ref>

===May 2012: Activists rally in Portland against exporting coal from Northwest ports===
On May 7, 2012 several hundred activists gathered in Portland's Pioneer Courthouse Square to oppose the export of Montana and Wyoming coal from Northwest ports. Activist Robert F. Kennedy Jr., chief prosecuting attorney for Hudson Riverkeeper and president of the Waterkeeper Alliance, spoke to the crowd. Kennedy said that coal would corrupt politicians, damage health and the environment and "turn government agencies into the sock puppets of the industries they're supposed to regulate."<ref>[http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/05/activists_rally_in_portland_ag.html "Kennedy, activists rally in Portland against exporting coal from Northwest ports"] Scott Learn, Oregonian, May 7, 2012.</ref>

==Industry affiliations==

Arch Coal is a member of the:
* [[American Coal Council]]. [[Mark Canon]], who is Vice President Sales for Arch Coal Sales, as a member of the Board of Directors.<ref>American Coal Council, [http://www.americancoalcouncil.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=2 "2011 Board of Directors"], American Coal Council website, accessed July 2011.</ref>
* [[Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute]]<ref>Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute, [http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/page_20110614_member-list_0.pdf "Global CCS Institute Members"], Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute website, May 2010.</ref>
* [[National Mining Association]]<ref>National Mining Association, [http://www.nma.org/about/membership_dir.asp#anchor_A "NMA Membership"], National Mining Association website, accessed July 2011.</ref>

==Government affiliations==
Former Wyoming Gov. [[Dave Freudenthal]] (2003-2011), who heavily courted China as a trading partner for Wyoming's [[Powder River Basin]] coal during his tenure, is a director at [[Arch Coal]]. He was elected to the board in February 2011.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/arch-coal-elects-former-wyoming-governor-dave-freudenthal-to-board-of-directors-116766659.html "Arch Coal Elects Former Wyoming Governor Dave Freudenthal to Board of Directors"] PR Newswire, Feb. 23, 2011.</ref>

==Headquarters==
1 CityPlace Dr., Ste. 300<br>
St. Louis, MO 63141<br>
United States<br>
Phone: 314 994 2700<br>
Website: http://www.archcoal.com/

==Articles and Resources==

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[West Virginia and coal]]
*[[Wyoming and coal]]
*[[Powder River Basin]]
*[[Otter Creek]]
*[[CONSOL Energy]] 
*[[Massey Energy]] 
*[[Peabody Energy]]
*[[Mountaintop removal]]
*[[Coal exports from northwest United States ports]]

===References===
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Energy]][[Category:United States]][[Category:Corporations]][[Category:Coal mining companies and agencies in the United States]][[Category:Mining]]

==Authorship of this article==
''[[Wikipedia]] also has an article about [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Coal Arch Coal]. The article here may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFDL GFDL]. The original version of the Wikipedia article about Arch Coal used content authored in September 2006 by Gregory Kohs and released under the terms of the GNU free documentation license (GFDL) on his website, [[MyWikiBiz]]. The Wikipedia article on Arch Coal became the focus of a controversy between Kohs and the Wikimedia Foundation, owners of Wikipedia. Further details can be found in the SourceWatch article [[MyWikiBiz]].''