Irrigation

Irrigation

Articles and resources

Related SourceWatch articles

• Central Valley Project Improvement Act
• State Water Project
• Irrigation Water Pricing
• Farmer Behavior Studies
• Residential Water Conservation

External articles

• Avocado Farming with High-Priced Water. Can It Remain Profitable? (n.d.). Retrieved October 5, 2015, from http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=7186
• Avocado Irrigation handout.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.westpakavocado.com/multimedia/marketing/material/Avocado%20Irrigation%20handout.pdf
• Ayars, J. E., Fulton, A., & Taylor, B. (2015). Subsurface drip irrigation in California—Here to stay? Agricultural Water Management, 157, 39–47. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.01.001
• Bar-Shira, Z., & Finkelshtain, I. (2000). The Long-Run Inefficiency of Block-Rate Pricing. Natural Resource Modeling, 13(4), 471–492. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-7445.2000.tb00044.x
• Bar-Shira, Z., Finkelshtain, I., & Simhon, A. (2005, March 17). Regulating Irrigation via Block-Rate Pricing: An Econometric Analysis. Retrieved from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/14982/1/dp050003.pdf
• Bar-Shira, Z., Finkelshtain, I., & Simhon, A. (2006). Block-Rate versus Uniform Water Pricing in Agriculture: An Empirical Analysis. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 88(4), 986–999. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2006.00911.x
• Batchelor, C., Reddy, V. R., Linstead, C., Dhar, M., Roy, S., & May, R. (2014). Do water-saving technologies improve environmental flows? Journal of Hydrology, 518, Part A, 140–149. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.063
• Ben-Gal, A., Tal, A., & Tel-Zur, N. (2006). The Sustainability of Arid Agriculture: Trends and Challenges. Annals of Arid Zone, 45(2), 1–31.
• Bhaduri, A., & Manna, U. (2014). Impacts of Water Supply Uncertainty and Storage on Efficient Irrigation Technology Adoption. Natural Resource Modeling, 27(1), 1–24. http://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12016
• Bickett, D. B. (2011). Evolution of Water Marketing in California: Formal vs. Informal Property Rights. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved from http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/etd/ucb/text/Bickett_berkeley_0028E_11983.pdf
• Bredehoeft, J. D., & Young, R. A. (1983). Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture: Risk aversion. Water Resources Research, 19(5), 1111–1121. http://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i005p01111

Butler, K. A. (2015). Reconfiguring spaces of capital in southern California: A political ecology of the Imperial Valley-San Diego County water transfer agreement. SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY. Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/15/89/1589128.html Calatrava, J., & Garrido, A. (2001). Agricultural Subsidies, Water Pricing and Farmers’ Responses: Implications for Water Policy and CAP Reform. In C. Dosi (Ed.), Agricultural Use of Groundwater (pp. 241–257). Springer Netherlands. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-015-9781-4_11 California Agriculture Online. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2015, from http://californiaagriculture.ucanr.org/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v068n03p56&fulltext=yes California Avocado Society. (n.d.). Retrieved October 5, 2015, from http://www.californiaavocadosociety.org/growing.html Cobourn, K. M. (2015). Externalities and Simultaneity in Surface Water-Groundwater Systems: Challenges for Water Rights Institutions. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 97(3), 786–808. http://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aav001

• Dridi, C., & Khanna, M. (2005). Irrigation Technology Adoption and Gains from Water Trading under Asymmetric Information. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 87(2), 289–301. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2005.00722.x

Erie, S. P., & Brackman, H. D. (2006). Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California. Stanford University Press.

• Evans, R. G., & Sadler, E. J. (2008). Methods and technologies to improve efficiency of water use. Water Resources Research, 44(7), W00E04. http://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006200
• Fereres, E., & Soriano, M. A. (2007). Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(2), 147–159. http://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl165
• Fernandez, J., Hayes, K., Mak, K., Silvey, C., & Trigaux, D. (2015, March 13). Drinking Away the Future: Policy Solutions for a Sustainable Water Supply in the U.S. Retrieved from http://policychallenge-usa.org/uploads/3/1/5/9/3159875/2015_challenge_-_policy_memo_-_nationals_-_american_u.pdf
• Fischhendler, I., & Zilberman, D. (2005). Packaging policies to reform the water sector: The case of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act. Water Resources Research, 41(7), W07024. http://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003786
• Foster, T., Brozović, N., & Butler, A. P. (2015). Analysis of the impacts of well yield and groundwater depth on irrigated agriculture. Journal of Hydrology, 523, 86–96. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.032
• Frisvold, G. B., & Deva, S. (2012). Farm Size, Irrigation Practices, and Conservation Program Participation in the Us Southwest. Irrigation and Drainage, 61(5), 569–582. http://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1676
• García-Vila, M., Lorite, I. J., Soriano, M. A., & Fereres, E. (2008). Management trends and responses to water scarcity in an irrigation scheme of Southern Spain. Agricultural Water Management, 95(4), 458–468. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.11.009
• Geerts, S., & Raes, D. (2009). Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas. Agricultural Water Management, 96(9), 1275–1284. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009
• Griffin, R. C. (1998). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Conservation Water-Pricing Programs: Comment. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 23(2), 568–570.
• Griffin, R. C. (2006). Achieving Water Use Efficiency in Irrigation Districts. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 132(6), 434–442. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2006)132:6(434)
• Hall, M. P. (2014, October 3). Irrigators’ Perception and Intention towards Water Re-allocation Policies in Southern Alberta (Thesis). Lethbridge Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography. Retrieved from http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/3515
• Hanemann, M. (2014). Property rights and sustainable irrigation—A developed world perspective. Agricultural Water Management, 145, 5–22. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.07.001
• Hodbod, J., & Eakin, H. (2015). Adapting a social-ecological resilience framework for food systems. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 5(3), 474–484. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0280-6

Hoffman, S. J., PytlikZillig, L. M., Lynne, G. D., Tomkins, A. J., Hu, Q. S., Hayes, M. J., … Wilhite, D. A. (2004, August 9). Improving Scientific Understanding of Climate Forecast and Information Usage among Agricultural Producers: The Social Psychology Theory of Planned Behavior. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kenneth_Hubbard/publication/237387879_Improving_Scientific_Understanding_of_Climate_Forecast_and_Information_Usage_among_Agricultural_Producers_The_Social_Psychology_Theory_of_Planned_Behavior/links/02e7e525ec7c2f0aed000000.pdf Howell, T. A. (2001). Enhancing Water Use Efficiency in Irrigated Agriculture. Agronomy Journal, 93(2), 281. http://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.932281x Howitt, R. E., Medellin-Azuara, J., MacEwan, D., Lund, J. R., & Sumner, D. A. (n.d.). Economic Analysis of the 2014 Drought for California Agriculture. Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California-Davis. Retrieved from http://meteora.ucsd.edu/cap/pdffiles/Howitt2014_Economics_CA_2014drought.pdf Hsiao, T. C., Steduto, P., & Fereres, E. (2007). A systematic and quantitative approach to improve water use efficiency in agriculture. Irrigation Science, 25(3), 209–231. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-007-0063-2 Huffaker, R., & Whittlesey, N. (2003). A Theoretical Analysis of Economic Incentive Policies Encouraging Agricultural Water Conservation. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 19(1), 37–53. http://doi.org/10.1080/713672724 Huffaker, R., Whittlesey, N., Michelsen, A., Taylor, R., & McGuckin, T. (1998). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Conservation Water-Pricing Programs. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 23(1), 12–19. Iglesias, E., & Blanco, M. (2008). New directions in water resources management: The role of water pricing policies. Water Resources Research, 44(6), W06417. http://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005708 Irrigation of Avocados in San Diego County - CAS_1957_PG_68-70.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.avocadosource.com/CAS_Yearbooks/CAS_41_1957/CAS_1957_PG_68-70.pdf Irrigation of Young and Old Avocado Orchards - CAS_1947_PG_080-084.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.avocadosource.com/CAS_Yearbooks/CAS_32_1947/CAS_1947_PG_080-084.pdf Jensen, C. R., Ørum, J. E., Pedersen, S. M., Andersen, M. N., Plauborg, F., Liu, F., & Jacobsen, S.-E. (2014). A Short Overview of Measures for Securing Water Resources for Irrigated Crop Production. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 200(5), 333–343. http://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12067 Johansson, R. (2000). Pricing Irrigation Water: A Literature Survey (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 632520). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=632520

• Kappel, K., & Grechenig, T. (2009). “Show-me”: Water Consumption at a Glance to Promote Water Conservation in the Shower. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology (pp. 26:1–26:6). New York, NY, USA: ACM. http://doi.org/10.1145/1541948.1541984
• Karami, E., & Keshavarz, M. (2010). Sociology of Sustainable Agriculture. In E. Lichtfouse (Ed.), Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science (pp. 19–40). Springer Netherlands. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-3333-8_2
• Kirby, M., Bark, R., Connor, J., Qureshi, M. E., & Keyworth, S. (2014). Sustainable irrigation: How did irrigated agriculture in Australia’s Murray–Darling Basin adapt in the Millennium Drought? Agricultural Water Management, 145, 154–162. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.02.013
• Lankford, B. (2013). Resource Efficiency Complexity and the Commons: The Paracommons and Paradoxes of Natural Resource Losses, Wastes and Wastages. Routledge.
• Leviston, Z., Browne, A. L., & Greenhill, M. (2013). Domain-based perceptions of risk: a case study of lay and technical community attitudes toward managed aquifer recharge. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(6), 1159–1176. http://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12079
• López-Mata, E., Tarjuelo, J. M., de Juan, J. A., Ballesteros, R., & Domínguez, A. (2010). Effect of irrigation uniformity on the profitability of crops. Agricultural Water Management, 98(1), 190–198. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.08.006
• Lund, J. R., & Harter, T. (2014, August 27). Groundwater reform more important than water bond. Retrieved from http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/08/27/groundwater-reform-more-important-than-water-bond/
• Lund, J. R., & Medellin-Azuara, J. (2015). California and Drought—2014 and the Future. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015 (pp. 2073–2080). American Society of Civil Engineers. Retrieved from http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784479162.204
• Lynne, G. D., Franklin Casey, C., Hodges, A., & Rahmani, M. (1995). Conservation technology adoption decisions and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16(4), 581–598. http://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(95)00031-6
• Maganda, C. (2005). Collateral Damage: How the San Diego-Imperial Valley Water Agreement Affects the Mexican Side of the Border. The Journal of Environment & Development, 14(4), 486–506. http://doi.org/10.1177/1070496505282668
• Medellin-Azuara, J., Harou, J. J., & Howitt, R. E. (2010). Estimating economic value of agricultural water under changing conditions and the effects of spatial aggregation. Science of the Total Environment, 408(23), 5639–5648.
• Medellín-Azuara, J., Howitt, R. E., & Harou, J. J. (2012). Predicting farmer responses to water pricing, rationing and subsidies assuming profit maximizing investment in irrigation technology. Agricultural Water Management, 108, 73–82. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.12.017
• Medellín-Azuara, J., MacEwan, D., Howitt, R. E., Koruakos, G., Dogrul, E. C., Brush, C. F., … Lund, J. R. (2015). Hydro-economic analysis of groundwater pumping for irrigated agriculture in California’s Central Valley, USA. Hydrogeology Journal, 23(6), 1205–1216. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1283-9
• Medellin-Azuara, J., Vergati, J. A., Sumner, D. A., Howitt, R. E., & Lund, J. R. (2012, August). Analysis of effects of reduced supply of water on agricultural production and irrigation water use in Southern California. University of California Agricultural Issues Center. Retrieved from http://aic.ucdavis.edu/publications/water%20socal_final_0822.pdf
• Michaelsen, A. M., McGuckin, J. T., Taylor, R. G., & Huffaker, R. G. (1998, May 20). Irrigation District Adoptino of Water Conserving Rate Structures. Retrieved from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/20964/1/spmich01.pdf
• Michelsen, A. M., Taylor, R. G., Huffaker, R. G., & McGuckin, J. T. (1999). Emerging Agricultural Water Conservation Price Incentives. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 24(1), 222–238.

“Micro-Irrigation Design For Avocado Orchard In California” by Michael C. Meyer. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2015, from http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/braesp/96/

• Molle, F., & Berkoff, J. (2007). Irrigation Water Pricing: The Gap Between Theory and Practice. CABI.
• Montoro, A., López-Fuster, P., & Fereres, E. (2010). Improving on-farm water management through an irrigation scheduling service. Irrigation Science, 29(4), 311–319. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-010-0235-3
• Moore, M. R., & Dinar, A. (1995). Water and Land as Quantity-Rationed Inputs in California Agriculture: Empirical Tests and Water Policy Implications. Land Economics, 71(4), 445–461. http://doi.org/10.2307/3146710
• Moore, M. R., Gollehon, N. R., & Carey, M. B. (1994). Multicrop Production Decisions in Western Irrigated Agriculture: The Role of Water Price. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76(4), 859–874. http://doi.org/10.2307/1243747
• Morton, S. (2015). Groundwater Banking in Imperial Irrigation District: Planning for Future Water Scarcity on the Colorado River. Master’s Projects. Retrieved from http://repository.usfca.edu/capstone/144
• Nair, S., Johnson, J., & Wang, C. (2013). Efficiency of Irrigation Water Use: A Review from the Perspectives of Multiple Disciplines. Agronomy Journal, 105(2), 351–363.
• Olen, B. (2012). Irrigation choices for major West Coast crops : water scarcity and climatic determinants. Retrieved from http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/34295
• Olen, B., & Wu, J. (2015, July 26). Impacts of Water Scarcity and Climate on Land Use for Irrigated Agriculture in the U.S. West Coast. Retrieved from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/205719/2/Land%20Use%20in%20the%20WC%20%28Olen%20and%20Wu%29.pdf
• Olen, B., Wu, J., & Langpap, C. (2012, August 12). Crop-Specific Irrigation Choices for Major Crops on the West Coast: Water Scarcity and Climate Determinants. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Langpap/publication/241750349_Crop-specific_Irrigation_Choices_for_Major_Crops_on_the_West_Coast_Water_Scarcity_and_Climatic_Determinants/links/54298f940cf277d58e86f7dc.pdf

O’Neill, M. P., Butts, R., Bucks, D. A., Weltz, M. A., & Hinga, K. R. (n.d.). Addressing Agricultural Water Resources Issues in North America: The Role of Research and Education. Tri-National Initiative on Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture and Water Quality. Retrieved from http://search.iisd.org/pdf/2006/natres_tri_nat_research.pdf Paul, D., & Lade, H. (2014). Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria to improve crop growth in saline soils: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(4), 737–752. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0233-6 Pease, M. (2012). Water Transfer Laws and Policies: Tough Questions and Institutional Reform for the Western United States. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 4(2), 103–119. http://doi.org/10.1080/19390459.2012.675461 Pfeiffer, L., & Lin, C.-Y. C. (2014). Does efficient irrigation technology lead to reduced groundwater extraction? Empirical evidence. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 67(2), 189–208. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2013.12.002 Ranjan, R. (2013). The role of credit in enhancing drought resilience in agriculture. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 2(3), 303–327. http://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2013.827591 Ranjan, R. (2014). Technology Adoption for Long-Term Drought Resilience. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 140(3), 384–392. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000329 Ranjan, R. (2015). Adapting to catastrophic water scarcity in agriculture through social networking and inter-generational occupational transitioning. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 7(1), 71–92. http://doi.org/10.1080/19390459.2014.970801 Rates & Charges | San Diego County Water Authority. (n.d.). Retrieved October 5, 2015, from http://www.sdcwa.org/rates-charges Raza, A., Friedel, J. K., & Bodner, G. (2012). Improving Water Use Efficiency for Sustainable Agriculture. In E. Lichtfouse (Ed.), Agroecology and Strategies for Climate Change (pp. 167–211). Springer Netherlands. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-1905-7_8 Renzetti, S. (2012). The Economics of Water Demands. Springer Science & Business Media. Robbins, N. E., & Dinneny, J. R. (2015). The divining root: moisture-driven responses of roots at the micro- and macro-scale. Journal of Experimental Botany, eru496. http://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru496 Rosegrant, M. W., Schleyer, R. G., & Yadav, S. N. (1995). Water policy for efficient agricultural diversification: market-based approaches. Food Policy, 20(3), 203–223. http://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(95)00014-6 Rossi, J. V., Verceles, N. K., Underwood, M. M., & Mercardante, M. S. (2013). Potential Political Impacts in Southern California of Drought-Related Water Availability and Rate Increases. In K. Schwabe, J. Albiac, J. D. Connor, R. M. Hassan, & L. M. González (Eds.), Drought in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions (pp. 437–450). Springer Netherlands. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-6636-5_25 Sağlam, Y. (2010). Water scarcity and optimal pricing of water. Theses and Dissertations. Retrieved from http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/733 ScheduleOfRates.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.vcmwd.org/Portals/0/PDF/Finance/ScheduleOfRates.pdf Scheierling, S. M., Young, R. A., & Cardon, G. E. (2003, July 11). Price-Responsiveness of Demand for Irrigation Water Withdrawals vs. Consumptive Use: Estimates and Policy Implications. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Grant_Cardon/publication/23520863_Price-Responsiveness_Of_Demand_For_Irrigation_Water_Withdrawals_Vs._Consumptive_Use_Estimates_And_Policy_Implications/links/53dbc18a0cf216e4210c005a.pdf Scheierling, S. M., Young, R. A., & Cardon, G. E. (2004). Determining the Price-Responsiveness of Demands for Irrigation Water Deliveries versus Consumptive Use. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 29(2), 328–345. Schlenker, W., Hanemann, W. M., & Fisher, A. C. (2007). Water Availability, Degree Days, and the Potential Impact of Climate Change on Irrigated Agriculture in California. Climatic Change, 81(1), 19–38. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-9008-z Schuck, E. C., & Green, G. P. (2002a, July 28). Farm Level Irrigation Technology Decisions over Time. Retrieved from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/19632/1/sp02sc05.pdf Schuck, E. C., & Green, G. P. (2002b, July 28). The Importance of Tariff Structure in Conservation Pricing. Retrieved from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/36607/1/sp02sc03.pdf Schuck, E. C., Green, G. P., & Sunding, D. L. (2000, July 29). Irrigation Water Rate Reform and Endogenous Technological Change. Retrieved from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/36463/1/sp00sc02.pdf Schuck, E., & Green, G. P. (2003). Conserving One Water Source at the Expense of Another: The Role of Surface Water Price in Adoption of Wells in a Conjunctive Use System. 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Retrieved October 5, 2015, from http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2015/03/the-california-water-shortage-again.html The High Cost of Cheap Water - Voice of San Diego. (n.d.). Retrieved October 5, 2015, from http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/all-narratives/drought/the-high-cost-of-cheap-water/ The Risks of Cheap Water - The New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved October 5, 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/15/business/economy/the-price-of-water-is-too-low.html?_r=0 Thorne, J. H., Boynton, R. M., Flint, L. E., & Flint, A. L. (2015). The magnitude and spatial patterns of historical and future hydrologic change in California’s watersheds. Ecosphere, 6(2). Retrieved from http://www.esajournals.org/doi/10.1890/ES14-00300.1 Wang, K., & Davies, E. G. R. (2015). A water resources simulation gaming model for the Invitational Drought Tournament. Journal of Environmental Management, 160, 167–183. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.06.007 Ward, F. A. (2014). Economic impacts on irrigated agriculture of water conservation programs in drought. Journal of Hydrology, 508, 114–127. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.024 Ward, F. A., Michelsen, A., & DeMouche, L. (n.d.). Institutional Incentives for Efficient Water Use: Institutional Barriers to Water Conservation in the Rio Grande Basin. Retrieved from http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/taskforce/water/WTFRpt1.pdf#page=16 Ward, F. A., Michelsen, A. M., & DeMouche, L. (2007). Barriers to Water Conservation in the Rio Grande Basin. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 43(1), 237–253. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00019.x Ward, F. A., & Pulido-Velazquez, M. (2008). Water conservation in irrigation can increase water use. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(47), 18215–18220. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805554105 Water costs squeeze San Diego County farms. (n.d.). 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