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| − | '''Industry-friendly experts''' serve two primary roles in the propaganda and public relations campaigns. In the first category are ''people who work behind the scenes'' as advisors, using psychology and other specialized expertise to design PR and advertising campaigns.
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| − | In the second category are ''experts for the public stage'' who appear to speak as independent, disinterested authorities with regard to a public issue. This kind of expert plays a role in the propagandists use of the [[third party technique]]. In some cases, an expert's opinion is directly related to receiving compensation from the industry or interest whose activities the expert advances. In other instances, an expert may already hold a view that is beneficial to industry, thereby having his work receive more attention and attract more funding than if it weren't supportive of the propagandist's cause. This kind of expert may be professionally inept or overly ambitious. Or he may be simply naïve about how he is serving as a tool for the propagandist.
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| − | The psychologist [[R. Clotaire Rapaille]] is an example of the first category of experts. Rapaille has advised the [[International Food Information Council]], a food industry front group, on how to sell genetically engineered foods with "words to use," such as bounty, children, choice, earth, purity, tradition and wholesome. The U.S. auto industry has also benefited from Rapaille's wisdom. The ''New York Times'' Keith Bradsher reported that Rapaille advised Detroit automakers that SUVs that appeal to Americans' deepest fears of violence and crime and should be marketed to take advantage of that fact.
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| − | [[Elizabeth Whelan]], president of the [[American Council on Science and Health]] which purports to be "a science-based, public health group that is directed by a board of 300 leading physicians and scientists," routinely dismisses health risks and environmental harm from pesticides and other toxic chemicals, while earning a six-figure annual salary that is largely funded by the chemical industry and agribusiness. Whelan maintains, however, a small degree of credibility in some circles by being a harsh critic of the tobacco industry.
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| − | Many experts for hire, such as [[Steven Milloy]], proprietor of [http://www.junkscience.com/ Junkscience.com], flatly refuse to discuss where they get their funding, and the [[front groups]] and [[think tanks]] that employ them are not required to disclose their funding sources.
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| − | A subtle and often effective form of industry utilizing a friendly expert is by having the expert exert influence in her professional organization or trade association.
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| − | Often an industry or government will need to gain the support of, or at the very least neutralize, a specific group to carry out activity. For example, in order to build a new prison, certain people and organizations associated with the [[criminal justice]] system will have to say that there is a need for a new prison, or minimally, that another prison wouldn't hurt. In order to increase the likelihood of approval for a new prison, the prison industry may try to exert influence through a member or members of a group like a prison workers' union or a policeman's association.
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| − | Carrying this third party technique to an extreme, an industry may encourage its expert to take a strong position ''against'' some abuse or potential of the field in which they operate. Over time the expert will moderate this position or limit its applicability. [[Pro-technology propaganda]] usually follows such a pattern.
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| − | Another kind of expert exploited by the PR industry and propagandists is the use of [[journalists]]. PR firms will often create pseudo news, which is essentially a biased message attempting to appear like a news story. Examples of this are [[video news releases]] (VNRs), [[press releases]], special advertising supplements, and other kinds of ready to consume media. In the case of VNRs and other visual media, a firm will create a segment that looks like TV news reporting, complete with an actor or a real-life reporter playing the role of an independent journalist.
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| − | For example, in May 2003 the ''New York Times'' exposed an attempt by a Boca Raton, Fla., production company named [[WJMK]] to use [[CNN]]'s Aaron Brown to host a series of corporate-sponsored videos that look like news. WJMK made offers to Brown and former CBS news anchor Walter Cronkite to host a program called the American Medical Review. "Drug companies and other health care companies pay WJMK about $15,000 to have their companies or products featured in the videos, which are two to five minutes long and run between regular public television programming," the ''Times'' reported. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00711FD3D5B0C7B8CDDAC0894DB404482]
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| − | In some cases, journalists seem to take on for themselves the role of propagandist. Many examples of this can be seen in relation to [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]]. The [[Pentagon]]'s program of [[embedded journalists]] intentionally turned reporters into military boosters. News anchors and well-respected print journalists consistently parroted the official story, relying exclusively on government supplied information and experts friendly to the Bush administration.
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| − | PR firms, corporations, and other propagandists also use [[ghostwriters]] to draft written materials ranging from medical journal articles to letters-to-the-editor. The article or letter will then be published under the name of a respected researchers or hometown hero – whatever may be most persuasive to the intended target of the propaganda.
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| | ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| | *[[Balanced scientists]] | | *[[Balanced scientists]] |
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| − | == Examples ==
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| − | *[[Elliot Abrams]]
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| − | *[[Tom Addiscott]]
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| − | *[[Jarl Ahlbeck]]
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| − | *[[Helen Haynes Allen]]
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| − | *[[Herbert Allen]]
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| − | *[[Richard Allen]]
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| − | *[[Bruce N. Ames]]
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| − | *[[Duwayne M. Anderson]]
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| − | *[[John Apel]] ''deceased''
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| − | *[[David Aubrey]]
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| − | *[[Dennis Avery]]
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| − | *[[Ronald Bailey]]
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| − | *[[Sallie L. Baliunas]]
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| − | *[[Robert Balling]]
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| − | *[[Thomas Barnett]]
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| − | *[[Jack Barrett]]
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| − | *[[Roger Bate]]
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| − | *[[Kenneth V. Beard]]
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| − | *[[Petr Beckmann]] ''deceased''
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| − | *[[Hazen A. Bedke]]
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| − | *[[Rick Berman]]
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| − | *[[Warren Berning]]
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| − | *[[Alvin Biscoe]]
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| − | *[[Robert Blackwill]]
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| − | *[[Jiri Blumel]]
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| − | *[[Bruce Boe]]
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| − | *[[Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen]]
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| − | *[[Jack Bonner]]
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| − | *[[C.J.F. Böttcher]]
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| − | *[[Arthur Bourne]]
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| − | *[[Charles Graham Boyd]]
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| − | *[[Larry H. Brace]]
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| − | *[[John Brademas]]
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| − | *[[Edward A. Brandes]]
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| − | *[[Norman M.D. Brown]]
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| − | *[[John H. Bryan]]
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| − | *[[Daniel P. Burnham]]
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| − | *[[R.A.D. Byron-Scott]]
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| − | *[[Joseph Cain]]
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| − | *[[Nigel Calder]]
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| − | *[[Al Caruba]]
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| − | *[[John Carlisle]]
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| − | *[[Stanley Changnon]]
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| − | *[[Thomas C. Childers]]
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| − | *[[Henrik Christoffersen]]
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| − | *[[Terrance J. Clark]]
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| − | *[[Harlan B. Cleveland]]
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| − | *[[Bonner Cohen]]
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| − | *[[Gregory Conko]]
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| − | *[[Richard S. Courtney]]
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| − | *[[Carol Cox]]
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| − | *[[Gabriel T. Csanady]]
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| − | *[[Robert M. Cunningham]]
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| − | *[[Kenneth W. Dam]]
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| − | *[[Richard J. Danzig]]
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| − | *[[Robert E. Davis]]
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| − | *[[Fred W. Decker]]
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| − | *[[Andrew Detwiler]]
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| − | *[[Peter Dietze]]
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| − | *[[Lev E. Dobriansky]]
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| − | *[[Paula J. Dobriansky]]
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| − | *[[Thomas E. Donilon]]
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| − | *[[Wolfgang Donsbach]]
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| − | *[[K. Eric Drexler]]
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| − | *[[Earl G. Droessler]]
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| − | *[[Ron Duchin]]
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| − | *[[Bill Durodié]]
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| − | *[[Bruce Eberle]]
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| − | *[[Nicholas Eberstadt]]
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| − | *[[Lee W. Eddington]]
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| − | *[[Jessica P. Einhorn]]
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| − | *[[Robert D. Elliott]]
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| − | *[[Hugh W. Ellsaesser]]
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| − | *[[John Emsley]]
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| − | *[[Rob Enderle]]
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| − | *[[M. Stanton Evans]]
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| − | *[[Brian Fiedler]]
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| − | *[[Lauri Fitz-Pegado]]
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| − | *[[Lynn Forester]]
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| − | *[[Bob Foster]]
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| − | *[[Neil L. Frank]]
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| − | *[[Chris de Freitas]]
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| − | *[[David Friedman]]
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| − | *[[Robert Frietas]]
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| − | *[[Otto Franzle]]
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| − | *[[Leon Fuerth]]
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| − | *[[Mick Fuller]]
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| − | *[[Michael Fumento]]
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| − | *[[Rich Galen]]
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| − | *[[Lev Gandin]] *deceased*
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| − | *[[Richard Newton Gardner]]
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| − | *[[Michael Garstang]]
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| − | *[[John E. Gaynor]]
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| − | *[[Tor Ragnar Gerholm]]
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| − | *[[Gerhard Gerlich]]
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| − | *[[Peter F. Giddings]]
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| − | *[[Neil Gilbert]]
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| − | *[[Steve Gillett]]
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| − | *[[Thomas Gold]]
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| − | *[[H.G. Goodell]]
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| − | *[[James D. Goodridge]]
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| − | *[[Adrian Gordon]]
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| − | *[[Theodore Gordon]]
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| − | *[[Michael Gough]]
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| − | *[[Kenneth Green]]
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| − | *[[Eckhard Grimmel]]
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| − | *[[Kenneth E. Grubbs, Jr.]]
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| − | *[[Nathaniel B. Guttman]]
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| − | *[[J. Storrs Hall]]
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| − | *[[Paul Handler]]
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| − | *[[Steven R. Hanna]]
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| − | *[[Robin Hanson]]
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| − | *[[William Happer]]
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| − | *[[Vern Harnapp]]
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| − | *[[Willis M. Hawkins]]
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| − | *[[Howard C. Hayden]]
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| − | *[[Bernadine Healy]]
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| − | *[[David Henderson]]
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| − | *[[Michael J. Higatsberger]] ''deceased''
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| − | *[[Jeremy Hodge]]
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| − | *[[Austin W. Hogan]]
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| − | *[[William Hubbard]]
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| − | *[[Heinz Hug]]
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| − | *[[Craig Idso]]
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| − | *[[Keith Idso]]
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| − | *[[Sherwood Idso]]
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| − | *[[Bruce P. Jackson]]
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| − | *[[Robert Jastrow]]
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| − | *[[Zbigniew Jaworowski]]
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| − | *[[Hans Jelbring]]
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| − | *[[James A. Johnson]]
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| − | *[[Robert Kagan]]
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| − | *[[Michael Kamrin]]
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| − | *[[Robert A. Kehoe]] ''deceased''
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| − | *[[Kelvin Kemm]]
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| − | *[[William Kininmonth]]
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| − | *[[David Klurfeld]]
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| − | *[[John Albert Knubel]]
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| − | *[[Robert L. Kovach]]
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| − | *[[Charles M. Kupperman]]
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| − | *[[Hans H.J. Labohm]]
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| − | *[[Theodor Landscheidt]] ''deceased''
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| − | *[[Roy Leep]]
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| − | *[[Jay Lefkowitz]]
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| − | *[[David R. Legates]]
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| − | *[[Marcel Leroux]]
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| − | *[[Heinz H. Lettau]]
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| − | *[[R. Doug Lewis]]
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| − | *[[William Walker Lewis]]
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| − | *[[Scott O. Lilienfeld]]
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| − | *[[Henry R. Linden]]
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| − | *[[Richard S. Lindzen]]
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| − | *[[Timothy H. Ling]]
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| − | *[[Martin Livermore]]
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| − | *[[Thomas Lockhart]]
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| − | *[[J. P. Lodge]]
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| − | *[[Bjorn Lomborg]]
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| − | *[[Bette Bao Lord]]
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| − | *[[Anthony R. Lupo]]
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| − | *[[Peter Madigan]]
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| − | *[[John J. McCarthy]]
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| − | *[[Ferrell P. McClean]]
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| − | *[[William J. McDonough]]
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| − | *[[John A. McGinley]]
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| − | *[[H. Read McGrath]]
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| − | *[[Stephen McIntyre]]
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| − | *[[Ross McKitrick]]
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| − | *[[Daniel J. McNaughton]]
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| − | *[[George E. McVehil]]
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| − | *[[Jessica Tucher Mathews]]
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| − | *[[Paul Meller]]
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| − | *[[Ralph Merkle]]
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| − | *[[Helmut Metzner]] ''deceased''
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| − | *[[Patrick J. Michaels]]
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| − | *[[Paul W. Mielke]]
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| − | *[[Henry I. Miller]]
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| − | *[[William ("Bill") Miller]]
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| − | *[[Steven J. Milloy]]
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| − | *[[William Mitchell]]
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| − | *[[Asmunn Moene]]
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| − | *[[Nils-Axel Moerner]]
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| − | *[[A. Alan Moghissi]]
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| − | *[[Jack Mongoven]]
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| − | *[[James A. Moore]]
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| − | *[[Patrick Moore]]
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| − | *[[Thomas G. Moore]]
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| − | *[[Hans Moravec]]
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| − | *[[Vivian Moses]]
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| − | *[[Robert A. Neff]]
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| − | *[[William A. Nierenberg]] ''deceased''
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| − | *[[Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann]]
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| − | *[[Joseph Samuel Nye, Jr.]]
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| − | *[[James J. O'Brien]]
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| − | *[[Alan Oxley]]
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| − | *[[Rafael Pagan]]
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| − | *[[Dennis Paustenbach]]
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| − | *[[Frank H. Pearl]]
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| − | *[[Benny Peiser]]
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| − | *[[Christine Peterson]]
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| − | *[[Roger Pielke]]
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| − | *[[Nelson Polsby]]
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| − | *[[Harrison Pope]]
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| − | *[[William Porch]]
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| − | *[[Harry Priem]]
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| − | *[[Amy Moritz Ridenour]]
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| − | *[[William E. Reifsnyder]]
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| − | *[[David W. Reynolds]]
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| − | *[[Alexander Robertson]]
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| − | *[[Arthur B. Robinson]]
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| − | *[[David P. Rogers]]
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| − | *[[David M. Rubenstein]]
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| − | *[[Michael Sanera]]
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| − | *[[Randy Scheunemann]]
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| − | *[[Thomas Schmidlin]]
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| − | *[[Gary J. Schmitt]]
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| − | *[[Frederick Seitz]]
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| − | *[[Melvyn Shapiro]]
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| − | *[[Gary D. Sharp]]
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| − | *[[Jane Shaw]]
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| − | *[[Timothy Shufelt]]
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| − | *[[S. Fred Singer]]
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| − | *[[Walter Becker Slocombe]]
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| − | *[[Richard Smalley]]
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| − | *[[A. F. Smith]]
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| − | *[[Kenneth Smith]]
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| − | *[[Willie Soon]]
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| − | *[[Joan Edelman Spero]]
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| − | *[[Robert Sproull]]
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| − | *[[Fred J. Starheim]]
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| − | *[[Chauncey Starr]]
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| − | *[[Robert E. Stevenson]] ''deceased''
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| − | *[[John Stossel]]
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| − | *[[Philip Stott]]
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| − | *[[Stephen Strauss]]
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| − | *[[George Stroke]]
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| − | *[[Jacob Sullum]]
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| − | *[[Christiaan van Sumere]]
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| − | *[[Heinz Sundermann]]
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| − | *[[Arlen Super]]
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| − | *[[Brian Sussman]]
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| − | *[[George H. Sutton]]
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| − | *[[Gert Tinggaard Svendsen]]
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| − | *[[Vladimir Svidersky]]
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| − | *[[M. Talwani]]
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| − | *[[W. F. Tanner]]
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| − | *[[Donald Tapscott]]
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| − | *[[Peter Tarnoff]]
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| − | *[[George Taylor]]
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| − | *[[Humphrey Taylor]]
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| − | *[[Peter B. Teets]]
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| − | *[[John L. Thornton]]
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| − | *[[James Tozzi]]
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| − | *[[Peter Arnold Toynbee]]
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| − | *[[Anthony Trewavas]]
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| − | *[[Michael S. Uhart]]
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| − | *[[Harlan K. Ullman]]
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| − | *[[Robin Vaugh]]
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| − | *[[Jan Veizer]]
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| − | *[[Harlan Watson]]
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| − | *[[Robert C. Wentworth]]
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| − | *[[Elizabeth Whelan]]
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| − | *[[John C. Whitehead]]
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| − | *[[Robert C. Whitten]]
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| − | *[[Aaron Wildavsky]] ''deceased''
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| − | *[[Earle R. Williams]]
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| − | *[[Jerry A. Williams]]
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| − | *[[Charles R. Williamson]]
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| − | *[[James Q. Wilson]]
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| − | *[[Michael Wilson]]
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| − | *[[David E. Wojick]]
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| − | *[[Christian Wolf]]
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| − | *[[James David Wolfensohn]]
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| − | *[[David Wurmser]]
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| − | *[[Meyrav Wurmser]]
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| − | *[[Klaus Wyrtki]]
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| − | *[[Joseph Zabransky, Jr.]]
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| − | *[[Robert E. Zabrecky]]
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