Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate
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Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is a flame retardant used on plastics, flexible urethane foams, and textile backcoatings. Synonyms for it include Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate and Fyrol FR 2.[1] It is an organophosphate, a class of chemicals often used as flame retardants and pesticides. "TDCPP is a viscous, colorless liquid; is not volatile; and is soluble in water and most organic solvents."[2]
A study by Duke University found it in camping tents and on the hands of campers who had recently pitched tents containing the chemical.[3] It was also the most commonly found flame retardant in a 2011 study of polyurethane foam from common baby products.[4] Another study found it in 42 out of 102 samples of polyurethane foam from couch cushions.[5]
One manufacturer, ICP Industrial Products, has committed to discontinuing the sale of TDCP for flexible polyurethane foam upholstered home furnishings applications as of January 1, 2013[6] and ceasing its production of TDCPP by the end of 2015.[7]
Contents
Health Impacts
TDCPP is a carcinogen. It was added to California's Proposition 65 list of chemicals as a probable carcinogen in 2011.[8] TDCPP is a carcinogen in rats following chronic oral exposure.[2] TDCPP has also tested positive for mutagenicity in some studies.[2]
TDCPP is a cholinesterase inhibitor[9] and an endocrine disruptor.[10] A 2011 study on developmental neurotoxicity also concluded, "TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF [chlorpyrifos, a known developmental neurotoxicant]."[11]
In animal testing, TDCPP was found to be absorbed through the skin. Four hours after application, the chemical was mostly found in the animals' liver, lungs, skin, and kidneys. After oral administration, it was mostly found in rats' lungs, liver, and kidneys, but smaller amounts were found in the heart, adipose tissue, skin, brain, spleen, and gonads.[2]
Products and Manufacturers
TDCPP is made by ICL Industrial Products and sold under the name Fyrol FR 2[12] but they have committed to ceasing its production by the end of 2015.[13] Other trade names include PF 38, PF 38/3, Firemaster T33P, CRP, Apex Flame Proof, Emulsion 197 or 212, Antiblaze 195, and Amgard.[2]
Articles and resources
Related SourceWatch articles
References
- ↑ Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, Accessed March 28, 2014.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals, Chapter 16: Tris (1,3-dichloropropyl-2) Phosphate, National Research Council, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals
- ↑ "Flame Retardant Applications in Camping Tents and Potential Exposure," Accessed February 25, 2014.
- ↑ Heather M. Stapleton, Susan Klosterhaus, and Arlene Blum, "Identification of Flame Retardants in Polyurethane Foam Collected from Baby Products," Environ Sci Technol. Jun 15, 2011; 45(12): 5323–5331.
- ↑ Heather M. Stapleton, Smriti Sharma, Gordon Getzinger, P. Lee Ferguson, Michelle Gabriel, Thomas F. Webster, and Arlene Blum, "Novel and High Volume Use Flame Retardants in US Couches Reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE Phase Out," Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012, 46 (24), pp 13432–13439 DOI: 10.1021/es303471d.
- ↑ ICL Industrial Products to expand polymeric flame retardant production," November 15, 2012, Accessed April 1, 2014.
- ↑ ICL To Increase Production of Polymeric Flame Retardant at West Virginia Facility," Press Release, ICL Industrial Products, November 13 2012, Accessed April 1, 2014.
- ↑ Current Proposition 65 List, Accessed March 29, 2013.
- ↑ Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, Accessed March 28, 2014.
- ↑ Liu X, Ji K, Choi K, "Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in H295R and MVLN cell lines and in zebrafish," Aquatic Toxicolology. June 15, 2012, Accessed March 28, 2014.
- ↑ Laura V. Dishaw, Christina M. Powers, and Heather M. Stapleton, "Is the PentaBDE Replacement, Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate (TDCPP), a Developmental Neurotoxicant? Studies in PC12 Cells," Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. Nov 1, 2011; 256(3): 281–289.
- ↑ "Flame Retardants," ICL Industrial Products, Accessed February 26, 2014.
- ↑ ICL To Increase Production of Polymeric Flame Retardant at West Virginia Facility," Press Release, ICL Industrial Products, November 13 2012, Accessed April 1, 2014.
External resources
- Green Science Policy Institute
- Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals, Chapter 16: Tris (1,3-dichloropropyl-2) Phosphate, National Research Council, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals
- Michael A. Babich, "CPSC Staff Preliminary Risk Assessment of Flame Retardant (FR) Chemicals in Upholstered Furniture Foam," Consumer Products Safety Commission, December 21, 2006.
External articles
2014
- Yang F, Ding J, Huang W, Xie W, Liu W, "Particle size-specific distributions and preliminary exposure assessments of organophosphate flame retardants in office air particulate matter," Environmental Science & Technology, January 7, 2014.
- Fan X, Kubwabo C, Rasmussen PE, Wu F, "Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques," Sci Total Environ, January 21, 2014.
- Liu Y, Liggio J, Harner T, Jantunen L, Shoeib M, Li SM, "Heterogeneous OH initiated oxidation: a possible explanation for the persistence of organophosphate flame retardants in air," Environmental Science & Technology, January 21, 2014.
- Stapleton HM, Misenheimer J, Hoffman K, Webster TF, "Flame retardant associations between children's handwipes and house dust," Chemosphere. January 30, 2014.
- Hoffman K, Daniels JL, Stapleton HM, "Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants and their variability in pregnant women," Environ Int. February 2014.
- Sengupta A, Lyons JM, Smith DJ, Drewes JE, Snyder SA, Heil A, Maruya KA, "The occurrence and fate of chemicals of emerging concern in coastal urban rivers receiving discharge of treated municipal wastewater effluent," Environ Toxicol Chem, February 2014.
- Farhat A, Buick JK, Williams A, Yauk CL, O'Brien JM, Crump D, Williams KL, Chiu S, Kennedy SW, "Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate perturbs the expression of genes involved in immune response and lipid and steroid metabolism in chicken embryos," Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, March 1, 2014.
- Porter E, Crump D, Egloff C, Chiu S, Kennedy SW, "Use of an avian hepatocyte assay and the avian toxchip polymerse chain reaction array for testing prioritization of 16 organic flame retardants," Environ Toxicol Chem, March 2014.
- Eulaers I, Jaspers VL, Halley DJ, Lepoint G, Nygård T, Pinxten R, Covaci A, Eens M, "Brominated and phosphorus flame retardants in White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla nestlings: Bioaccumulation and associations with dietary proxies (δ(13)C, δ(15)N and δ(34)S)," Sci Total Environ. April 15, 2014.
2013
- Allen, J.G., Stapleton, H.M. Vallerino, J., McNeely, E., McClean, M.D., Harrad, S.J., Rauert, C., Spengler, J.D., Exposure to flame retardant chemicals on commercial airplanes," Environmental Health (2013).
- Carignan, C., McClean, M.D., Cooper, E., Watkins, D., Fraser, A., Heiger-Bernays,W., Stapleton, H.M. Webster, T.F., Predictors of Tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate Metabolite in the Urine of Office Workers, Environment International (2013).
- Meeker, J.D., Cooper, E.M., Stapleton, H.M. Hauser, R., Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: Temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations, Environmental Health Perspectives (2013).
- Meeker, J., Cooper, E.M. Stapleton, H.M. Hauser, R.D., "Exploratory analysis of urinary metabolites of phosphorus-containing flame retardants in relation to markers of male reproductive health," Endocrine Disruptors (2013).
- Wang Q, Liang K, Liu J, Yang L, Guo Y, Liu C, Zhou B, "Exposure of zebrafish embryos/larvae to TDCPP alters concentrations of thyroid hormones and transcriptions of genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis," Aquat Toxicol, January 15, 2013.
- Liu C, Wang Q, Liang K, Liu J, Zhou B, Zhang X, Liu H, Giesy JP, Yu H, "Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate on receptor-associated mRNA expression in zebrafish embryos/larvae," Aquat Toxicol, March 15, 2013.
- Kellyn S. Betts, "Exposure to TDCPP Appears Widespread," Environmental Health Perspectives, May 2013.
- Meeker JD, Cooper EM, Stapleton HM, Hauser R, "Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations," Environmental Health Perspectives, May 2013.
- Liu X, Ji K, Jo A, Moon HB, Choi K, "Effects of TDCPP or TPP on gene transcriptions and hormones of HPG axis, and their consequences on reproduction in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)," Aquat Toxicol, June 15, 2013.
- Farhat A, Crump D, Chiu S, Williams KL, Letcher RJ, Gauthier LT, Kennedy SW, "In Ovo effects of two organophosphate flame retardants--TCPP and TDCPP--on pipping success, development, mRNA expression, and thyroid hormone levels in chicken embryos," Toxicol Sci, July 2013.
- Fu J, Han J, Zhou B, Gong Z, Santos EM, Huo X, Zheng W, Liu H, Yu H, Liu C, "Toxicogenomic responses of zebrafish embryos/larvae to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) reveal possible molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity," Environmental Science & Technology, September 17, 2013.
- Van den Eede N, Maho W, Erratico C, Neels H, Covaci A, "First insights in the metabolism of phosphate flame retardants and plasticizers using human liver fractions," Toxicol Lett, October 23, 2013.
- Kojima H, Takeuchi S, Itoh T, Iida M, Kobayashi S, Yoshida T, "In vitro endocrine disruption potential of organophosphate flame retardants via human nuclear receptors," Toxicology, December 6, 2013.
2012
- Takahashi S, Obana Y, Okada S, Abe K, Kera Y, "Complete detoxification of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate by mixed two bacteria, Sphingobium sp. strain TCM1 and Arthrobacter sp. strain PY1," J Biosci Bioeng, January 2012.
- Crump D, Chiu S, Kennedy SW, "Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate on cytotoxicity and mRNA expression in primary cultures of avian hepatocytes and neuronal cells," Toxicol Sci. March 2012.
- Möller A, Sturm R, Xie Z, Cai M, He J, Ebinghaus R, "Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the Northern Pacific and Indian Ocean toward the Polar Regions: evidence for global occurrence," Environmental Science & Technology, March 20, 2012.
- Liu X, Ji K, Choi K, "Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in H295R and MVLN cell lines and in zebrafish," Aquat Toxicolology. June 15, 2012.
- Cao S, Zeng X, Song H, Li H, Yu Z, Sheng G, Fu J, "Levels and distributions of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in sediment from Taihu Lake, China," Environ Toxicol Chem, July 2012.
- van der Veen I, de Boer J, "Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis," Chemosphere, August 2012.
- Brommer S, Harrad S, Van den Eede N, Covaci A, "Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in German indoor dust samples," J Environ Monit, September 2012.
- Ali N, Dirtu AC, Van den Eede N, Goosey E, Harrad S, Neels H, 't Mannetje A, Coakley J, Douwes J, Covaci A, "Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: indoor sources and human exposure assessment," Chemosphere, September 2012.
- McGee SP, Cooper EM, Stapleton HM, Volz DC, "Early zebrafish embryogenesis is susceptible to developmental TDCPP exposure," Environ Health Perspect. November 2012.
- Heather M. Stapleton, Smriti Sharma, Gordon Getzinger, P. Lee Ferguson, Michelle Gabriel, Thomas F. Webster, and Arlene Blum, "Novel and High Volume Use Flame Retardants in US Couches Reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE Phase Out," Environmental Science & Technology, December 18, 2012.
2011
- Van den Eede N, Dirtu AC, Neels H, Covaci A, "Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust," Environ Int, February 2011.
- Cooper EM, Covaci A, van Nuijs AL, Webster TF, Stapleton HM, "Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry," Anal Bioanal Chem, October 2011.
- Laura V. Dishaw, Christina M. Powers, and Heather M. Stapleton, "Is the PentaBDE Replacement, Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate (TDCPP), a Developmental Neurotoxicant? Studies in PC12 Cells," Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. Nov 1, 2011; 256(3): 281–289.
2010
- Meeker JD, Stapleton HM, "House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters," Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Mar;118(3):318-23. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901332.
2000s
- Hughes MF, Edwards BC, Mitchell CT, Bhooshan B, "In vitro dermal absorption of flame retardant chemicals," Food Chem Toxicol. 2001 Dec;39(12):1263-70.
- Nagase M, Toba M, Kondo H, Yasuhara A, Hasebe K, "Estimation of organophosphoric acid triesters in soft polyurethane foam using a concentrated sulfuric acid dissolution technique and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection," Anal Sci, December 2003.
- Marklund A, Andersson B, Haglund P, "Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments," Chemosphere, December 2003.
- Takahashi S, Kawashima K, Kawasaki M, Kamito J, Endo Y, Akatsu K, Horino S, Yamada RH, Kera Y, "Enrichment and characterization of chlorinated organophosphate ester-degrading mixed bacterial cultures," J Biosci Bioeng, July 2008.
- Stapleton HM1, Klosterhaus S, Eagle S, Fuh J, Meeker JD, Blum A, Webster TF, "Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. house dust," Environmental Science & Technology, October 1, 2009.
1980s
- Bio/dynamics (Bio/dynamics, Inc.). 1981. A Two-year Oral Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Study on Fyrol FR-2 in Rats (Final Report). Study conducted for Stauffer Chemical Company. U.S. EPA/OPTS Public files, Fiche # OTS0204911–1.
- LeBel GL, Williams DT, "Determination of organic phosphate triesters in human adipose tissue," J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1983 May;66(3):691-9.
- Kamata E, Naito K, Nakaji Y, Ogawa Y, Suzuki S, Kaneko T, Takada K, Kurokawa Y, Tobe M, "[Acute and subacute toxicity studies of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate on mice," Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku. 1989;(107):36-43.
1970s
- Gold, M.D., A.Blum, and B.N.Ames. 1978. "Another flame retardant, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens." Science 200:785–787.
