Doublespeak

Doublespeak is language deliberately constructed to disguise its actual meaning, such as euphemisms.

The word doublespeak was coined in the early 1950s. It is often incorrectly attributed to George Orwell and his dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The word actually never appears in that novel; Orwell did, however, coin Newspeak, Oldspeak, duckspeak (speaking from the throat without thinking 'like a duck') and doublethink (holding "...simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out, knowing them to be contradictory and believing in both of them..."), and his novel made fashionable composite nouns with speak as the second element, which were previously unknown in English. It was therefore just a matter of time before someone came up with doublespeak. Doublespeak may be considered, in Orwell's lexicography, as the B vocabulary of Newspeak, words "deliberately constructed for political purposes: words, that is to say, which not only had in every case a political implication, but were intended to impose a desirable mental attitude upon the person using them."

Whereas in the early days of the practice it was considered wrong to construct words to disguise meaning, this is now an accepted and established practice. There is a thriving industry in constructing words without explicit meaning but with particular connotations for new products or companies.

William Lutz, a professor at Rutgers University, has written several books about doublespeak and is the former editor of the Doublespeak Quarterly Review, which examines ways that jargon has polluted the public mindspace with phrases designed to obscure the meaning of plain English.

Examples

• abuse: torture
• aerial ordnance (military): bombs and missiles.
• agenda: as in the Liberal Agenda or the Homosexual Agenda; used to discredit laws or programs sought after by the left by adding the feel of conspiracy and ill will to the venture.
• alleged: actually perpetrated
• ally: vassal state; colony.
• asset (CIA term): foreign spy
• associate: a low-level employee. Being "associated" sounds more dignified than being "employed" (or "used"), but also connotes being more loosely affiliated, i.e. having less job security.
• asymmetric warfare: suicide bombing attacks, local violent unrest, almost anything that one does not wish to call war or terrorism. Military scientists define asymmetry in warfare as circumstances in which one side continues to fight regardless the disproportionate military capacity of an opponent.
• axis of evil: countries to be attacked; Bush administration hitlist (currently includes Iran, North Korea, and possibly now Syria - threatening moves against Cuba and Venezuela also made by this regime).
• balanced scientists: biased scientists.
• biosolids: sewage.
• blowback: the threat of American-made weapons being turned against American troops. [1]
• boomerang effect: see blowback.
• capital punishment: death penalty, state execution.
• casualty: person killed or maimed in warfare.
• classified: secret
  In World War II, secret information was distinguished into classes corresponding to increasing levels of security clearances, and came to be called classified information (as in "classified for a particular clearance"). Classified was also the second lowest grade of information in the UK - restricted ->classified ->secret, etc.
• coalition of the willing: coalition of the coerced, paid, and afraid - also coalition of those billing referring to massive foreign aid bribes or coercive economic threats made against these states by Bush administration.
• collateral damage: bystander casualties, ecological destruction and environmental contamination with potential to keep causing both for long term.
• competitive(ness) - profitable (-ility).
• communication: propaganda.
• communist: during the Cold War, any person, government or media that challenged American economic hegemony in the world
• corporate America: euphemism for the group of all existing and otherwise unrelated corporations. Often used as a pejoritive term to mean raw greed.
• counseling: in business, often a euphemism for reprimanding and/or warning an employee.
• creation science: religion pretending to be science; see also intelligent design.
• criminal extremist organization: subjective phrase for anyone or any group that poses a perceived threat.
• crusade: war.
• death tax: estate tax.
• debunk: present an alternative explanation for the truth.
• decapitation strike: turn of phrase recently used to describe the bombing of structures where military or political leaders are assumed to be.
• defense: war
  As in Department of Defense, formed by the merging of the Department of War and Department of the Navy.
• defence budget: military (and 'imperial' foreign control) budget.
• dehousing: (WWII) allied bombing of German civilian homes.
• deregulation: reapportioning profiteering opportunities for corporate America by reducing or removing democratically controlled regulatory oversight.
• detainee: prisoner of war (e.g. on terrorism.)
• digital rights management: software/hardware which restricts people from excercising their rights (of fair use especially.)
• disarmament: unilateral process whereby one side to a conflict hands over its arms to the other side; also refers to mutual agreements to reduce numbers of weapons.
• doublespeak: professional jargon used by members of a disliked profession.
• downsize, rightsize, RIF (reduction in force): fire employees. "Downsize" at first applied to products, meaning to supply less product for the same price, e.g. 14 oz. instead of a full pound of coffee.
• eco: implies "ecology", which is the study of community population dynamics. Sometimes added as a prefix to other terms to mislead the public.
• economic growth: raw increase in Gross National Product - see economic growth, uneconomic growth, productivism, consumerism, militarism, accounting reform for issues with this equivalence.
• embedded: used by US military authorites in 2003 to describe new policy of inviting journalists to war. Reporters are absorbed into advancing military units, and may even dress like soldiers. Critics say embedded reporters are psychologically inclined to see themselves as part of the military operation (see: Ted Koppel).
• enemy combatant: legal wording to get around the Geneva Conventions ' protective rights for those captured in combat
• environmental security: securing the environment for corporate exploitation.
• ethnic cleansing: genocide.
• executive assistant: secretary
• expired: died.
• extraordinary rendition: Deliver terror suspects to foreign intelligence services without extradition proceedings.
• freedom fighter: A terrorist we agree with.
• free speech zone: an area set aside for protesters in which law enforcement supposedly will not interfere with them if they stay within it, but may assail or arrest them if they venture out of it. Often at a removed location from which the protesters won't be seen or heard by those participating in the event being protested.
• food police: pejorative term used by the food industry to attack advocates of better nutrition.
• forced disarmament: war.
• fourth-generation warfare: Government-managed terrorism. The idea that warfare passes through "generations" is meant to imply that progress or evolution toward some desirable goal is being made.
• fractional reserve banking: monopolistic or oligarchic private cartel controlling central banking, facilitating economic parasitism by the rich; see this scientific economics paper.
• general trade: criminal smuggling organized by tobacco companies itself.
• globalization: expanded profiteering opportunities on a global scale.
• homicide bomber: suicide bomber.
• human intelligence; also HUMINT: spies.
• improvised explosive device (IED): Bombs used in roadside ambushes on vehicles. Perhaps called "improvised" to disparage those who make and use them.
• illegal combatants: prisoners of war who are deprived of basic human rights and of any legal rights under existing international conventions regarding treatment of prisoners.
• illegals: refugees seeking asylum - perfectly legally - in Australia; term used by the Australian Government under Prime Minister John Howard.
• infinite justice: revenge, as in "Operation Infinite Justice," the original code name for the U.S. war in Afghanistan in 2001.
• infomercial: a broadcast advertisement filling an entire program slot, often repeating the same body of content several times. Usually referred to in program listings as "paid programming".
• insurgents: those resisting military occupation.
• intelligence; also INTEL: spies or secrets.
• intelligent design: sometimes, euphemism for creationism.
• interrogation techniques/methods - tortures applied by U.S. military(e.g. in liberated Iraq)
• irregulars: Pentagon-speak for "everybody else".
• irregularities: corporate accounting fraud.
• job flexibility : lack of job security (where job security means an actual or implied promise of continued employment).
• less-than lethal: less-common euphemism than nonlethal.
• liberate: invade.
• levels: prices.
• martyr: suicide bomber, 'kamikaze'.
• martyrdom operation: suicidal terrorist attack.
• manifest destiny: imperialism.
• material support: food, water, shelter, money or other resources.
• nation building: imposing or influencing a new domestic polity.
• negative patient care outcome: death.
• neutralize: to kill or to render politically ineffective by imprisonment, damage to reputation, ideological seduction or distraction.
• new and improved: smaller, more expensive and less useful.
• New World Order: globalization; imperialization.
• non-core promise: a promise not kept, in most cases a lie from the start; invented by Australian Prime Minister John Howard.
• non-duty, non-pay status: fired.
• nonlethal weapons: potentially nonlethal weapons. Uses include crowd control.
• person of interest: suspect in a crime.
• piracy: unauthorized copying of information.
• pre-dawn vertical insertion: invasion of Grenada; Early morning paradrop of troops/equipment.
• pre-emptive strike: in war it means an unprovoked attack; in advertising or propaganda it means to offer an excuse or cover story before the truth is exposed.
• pre-hostility: Build up of war making apparatus before hostilites are initiated.
• pre-owned: used, second-hand.
• privatization: profit opportunities for corporate America; usually refers to transfer of former public sector services to management by private firms.
• pro-growth tax policies: Laws or policies designed to stimulate economic growth. Usually based upon academic theories implemented by current administration that involve reducing taxes for the wealthy while cutting services that primarily benefit the poor.
• promotion: propaganda.
• propaganda: information coming from an opposing or independent source.
• relocation: forcible abduction (often in reference to members of indigenous communities).
• regime change: a forceful change of government by a foreign power; Pax Americana.
• remains: As used by the Department of Defense in reference to unidentitified missing soldiers, the word "remains" refers not to the actual physical remains, but to an abstract concept deduced from circumstances. [2]
• rendition: the deportation of prisoners by one country to another not burdened by following international laws, for the purpose of torture.
• revenue enhancement: tax increase.
• revolution in military affairs (RMA): Pentagon term for combat using high-tech, precision-guided munitions; see military-industrial complex and Revolution in military affairs.
• rogue nation: enemy; usually one that is not aligned with a group of other nations in agreements regarding conduct of warfare. Also see United States as a rogue nation.
• security contractors: mercenary troops, or agencies that provide them
• servicing the target: killing the enemy, destroying targeted facilities.
• shaping the battlefield: Killing some people or destroying facilities in order to make it easier to kill or capture others, usually by preliminary bombardment or shelling.
• shock and awe: massive bombing, effects-based operation.
• small government: absence of social welfare programs, and often a smaller tax burden on the wealthy.
• smart bomb: usually air-launched explosives configured with guidance system.
• softening: the elimination of any barrier to a full-scale attack.
• sound science: pro-corporate, anti-environmental science.
• spin: often refers to outright lies, but generally implies an effort to portray events in a light favorable to the one doing the spin.
• subsidy: welfare for constituents.
• surgical strike: military attack; this phrase evokes a medical metaphor to suggest that warfare is a form of healing, as if a regime was a "cancer" or "tumour," while the warrior-leaders are painted as trustworthy surgeons.
• sustainable population: population control.
• take down: kill someone (military language).
• take out: assassinate an individual or destroy a target.
• target of opportunity: human beings to be assassinated; target or prey fortuitously encountered or discovered.
• taxpayer: citizen
  The word taxpayer means someone who pays taxes, and when used in a discussion of government revenues is not doublespeak. However, using the term interchangeably with citizen - the military is there to protect the taxpayers - implies that the primary role of a citizen is to pay taxes, or more generally, that the social contract (again, a term with a particular bias) between citizen and state is primarily economic. This usage has become popular in certain conservative and libertarian groups in the United States: c.f. Taxpayers for Common Sense, National Taxpayers Union.
• terminate with extreme prejudice: kill. A dead person can never be rehired.
• terrorist: armed political rebel (negative term).
  Note however, that in scholarly contexts, "terrorist" is usually defined in a way consistent with the biases of the politics of the region where the scholastic institution is located. See also freedom fighter.
• transfer: mass deportation.
• transfer tubes: body bags.
• trickle-down: refers to the oft-refuted theory that wealth accumulated by the upper strata of a society will benefit members of lower economic classes, where it is known as "dribble-on".
• unbiased: Used to imply correctness or truth. Lack of significant pre-judgement or conflict of interest is substantially different from reaching truth.
• unclassified: not secret.
  Once "classified" became a euphemism for "secret," information that wasn't secret was then called unclassified, which carries the implication that the natural state of information is to be classified, in other words, to be made secret.
• unmanned aerial vehicles: As in "Iraq has a growing fleet of manned and unmanned aerial vehicles that could be used to disperse chemical and biological weapons across broad areas." Two balsa wood radio-controlled aircraft with duct-taped struts and a range of about five miles were discovered. Assuming these drones were prototypes not for surveillance but dispersing chemicals, Bush did not explain how these minuscule and fragile aircraft models might fare over a 5,500 mile journey to U.S. mainland or why they would not be shot down as soon as they crossed Iraq's "No Fly" zone.
• vertically deployed anti-personnel devices: bombs.
• viral: Opponents of the GNU GPL license sometimes describe one of its properties as being "viral". Often proponents do too.
• wet work: assassination.

NOTE: This article is adapted from a Wikipedia article by the same name but includes much more loaded terms, and definitions that include doublespeak in them as well.

External links

• William Lutz, Doublespeak (New York, NY: HarperPerennial, 1990), ISBN 0-06-016134-5.
• William Lutz, The New Doublespeak (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1996), ISBN 0-06-017134-0.
• From the Free Software Foundation: Words to avoid.
• Paul de Rooij, Glossary of the Iraqi Occupation, DissidentVoice.org, April 29, 2004.
• Paul de Rooij, Glossary of Occupation (Israeli), CounterPunch.org, Sept. 12, 2002.
• Daniel Okrent, "The War of the Words: A Dispatch From the Front Lines", New York Times, March 6, 2005.