Tennessee Gas Pipeline

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This article is part of the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker, a project of Global Energy Monitor and the Center for Media and Democracy.
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Tennessee Gas Pipeline is an operating natural gas pipeline.[1]

Location

The pipeline runs from the Texas and Louisiana coast through Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania to deliver natural gas in West Virginia, New Jersey, New York, and New England.

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Project Details

  • Operator: Kinder Morgan Energy Partners
  • Parent Company: Kinder Morgan Energy Partners
  • Current capacity: 1000 Million cubic feet per day
  • Proposed capacity:
  • Length: 11,900 miles / 19,151 km
  • Status: Operating
  • Start Year: 1943

Background

Tennessee Gas Pipeline (TGPL) is operated by the Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company, a subsidiary of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners. The first section of the pipeline was constructed by Tennessee Gas Transmission Company (TGT) beginning in 1943. TGT-owner Tenneco eventually sold off this pipeline to El Paso Corporation which held it until 2012, when Kinder Morgan bought El Paso Corporation.

Expansion projects

Northeast Energy Direct Project

In 2014, Kinder Morgan proposed Northeast Energy Direct Project (NED), a new branch of 117 miles of greenfield pipeline to move natural gas from Pennsylvania to Wright, New York and 129 miles of greenfield pipeline to Dracut, Massachusetts.[2]

The Kinder Morgan proposal met with immediate resistance from local and state officials, conservation organizations, and more than twenty Massachusetts towns that the proposed pipeline would cross.[3] Public and environmental safety was the primary concern, due to TGP's history of pipeline accidents.[4] The pipeline route was heavily debated amid complaints about eminent domain and widespread refusal of Kinder Morgan's requests to survey the route.[5] The proposed route would cross land that is heavily wooded with sensitive ecosystems, conservation lands, wildlife reserves, state parks, farmland, towns, and the Connecticut River.[6]

KM proposed that "approximately 91% of the NED Market Path Component would be co-located along existing utility corridors/adjacent to TGP mainline. The total project (both Supply and Market Path Components) would be 82% co-located."[7] An alternative would be to follow the Massachusetts Turnpike highway system from western Massachusetts into Boston.

Supporters claimed that the pipeline would have positive impacts. "The pipeline is not only a pipeline for natural gas, but it is a pipeline for new construction and jobs."[8] KM claimed, "NED helps sustain electric grids, reduce emissions, lower energy costs and spur economic growth region-wide."[9] The new pipeline would "bring up to 2.2 bcfd of natural gas from the Marcellus shale fields to New England and Canadian markets."[10] The planned pipeline was roughly 350 miles long and would be 36 inches in diameter.

Detractors pointed out the safety issues involved with locating a high-volume, high-pressure gas transmission pipeline through towns and near neighborhoods that would be within the explosion blast zone of a leak.[11] In the Duckworth - Eiber Report, researchers showed that many gas transmission pipelines are dangerously close to homes and schools.[12]

Ultimately the NED project was shelved due to a shortage of enough customers to justify an increased natural gas supply in New England.[13]

Partial TGP Repurposing

In August 2013, Kinder Morgan and MarkWest Energy signed a join venture agreement to repurpose a 964-mile section of the pipeline between Ohio and Louisiana so that it conveys gas natural gas liquids instead of natural gas.[14] The two companies also planned to build a new 200-mile pipeline from TGP in Louisiana to Texas and a new cyrogenic gas processing plant in Ohio.[15] In November 2016 FERC issued an Environmental Assessment (EA) for the plan to "abandon" the 964-mile section (in the sense that it will "abandon" the pipeline's current function).[16]

In Kentucky, the pipeline passes through 18 Kentucky counties, a total of 256 miles from Simpson County to Greenup County.[17] Attorney Mark Morgan has organized opposition to the proposed expansion. “FERC has a history of rubber-stamping applications from pipeline companies and I don’t anticipate that things will be any different from the current FERC board,” Morgan said in August 2017.[14] “Since Kinder Morgan announced several years ago that they intend to run hazardous explosive liquids through (Tennessee Gas Pipeline No. 1) through Danville … We’ve always known that it was going to be up to our community and other communities along this proposed pipeline to protect ourselves” [14] Opponents of the project have also expressed concerns that the 70-year-old pipe's welds are insufficiently strong to carry a heavier, more explosive substance.[17]

In October 2017 FERC approved Kinder Morgan's plan to convert the pipeline to convey natural gas liquids, stating that the project “does notconstitute a major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.”[17]

Significant Incidents Reported

From 2006 to 2017, according to Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) failure reports, TGP had 111 "significant incidents" with their pipelines, resulting in $89,815,380 in property damage and 19 federal enforcement actions.[18]

A "significant incident" results in any of the following consequences:

  • fatality or injury requiring in-patient hospitalization
  • $50,000 or more in total costs, measured in 1984 dollars
  • liquid releases of five or more barrels (55 USgal/barrel)
  • releases resulting in an unintentional fire or explosion. [19]

From 2006 to 2017, 27 federal enforcement actions were initiated against TGP, with $422,500 in penalties. Federal inspectors were onsite at TGP locations for 661 days plus 187 days of accident investigations.[20]

From 2006 to 2017, faulty infrastructure caused most of TGP's onshore gas transmission pipeline accidents. Corrosion (internal or external), equipment malfunctions, manufacturing defects, faulty welds, and incorrect installation together accounted for 56% of leaks and more than $90 million in property damage.[21]

Failures may be escalating as pipelines age. In the listings below, note the age of pipes that failed.

Accidents

According to PHMSA, Tennessee Gas Pipeline had at least 257 significant failures (leaks, fires, and explosions) from 1986 to 2017. This number does not include the less notable accidents that did not meet the criteria for reporting.[22] The incidents below are merely a representative sample.

  • On March 4, 1965, a 32-inch diameter TGP gas transmission pipeline explosion north of Natchitoches, Louisiana, destroying five homes and killing 17 people including nine children, the deadliest gas transmission pipeline accident in U.S. history. This explosion and others of the era, led to PHMSA's formation in 1967.[23]
  • On February 18, 2000, a 24-inch diameter Tennessee Gas Pipeline at Marcellus, New York, leaked natural gas when a pipe cracked. The crack was thought to be caused by a manufacturing defect in the pipe which had been installed in 1951.[24]
  • On November 28, 2000, in Portland, Tennessee, a Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company maintenance crew was welding an oil lubrication line at a compressor station when an explosion and flash fire occurred, injuring three workers. Apparently, gas from the compressor migrated into a crankcase and was ignited by a spark. The equipment was installed in 1950.[25]
  • On March 6, 2002, at Jeffersonville, Kentucky, a TGP pipe manufactured in 1950 ruptured at a compressor station, causing a fire and explosion. The failure originated at a longitudinal crack in a saddle fillet weld. The explosion caused $2 million in property damage.[26]
  • On March 26, 2002, at Clay, Ohio, external corrosion thinned a pipe manufactured in 1966 to a point that it cracked and leaked natural gas.[27]
  • On May 21, 2002, at Kensington, Ohio, a landowner discovered dead vegetation in vicinity of a TGP pipeline. Company personnel investigated and found a pinhole leak on the longitudinal seam, a manufacturing defect. The pipe was manufactured in 1956.[28]
  • On September 24, 2004, at Hopkinton, Massachusetts, a TGP leak occurred in 24" diameter pipe at a "high consequence area" just upstream of a compressor station, in pipe manufactured in 1977. 28 people were evacuated as a precaution. The leak was apparently due to the pipe resting on a rock ledge which damaged the pipe, causing a pinhole perforation. [29]
  • On December 29, 2005, in Allen County, Kentucky, a 30-inch diameter TGP pipe manufactured in 1957 ruptured, leading to evacuation of more than 200 people. "It sounded like a jet plane ... just roaring." What made the situation so critical was the pressure and amount of gas flowing through the pipe.[30] The failure was attributed to combined effects of pre-existing cracking introduced during original construction and longitudinal stresses induced by the terrain. The leak cause property damage of $908,032.[31]
  • On July 22, 2006, near Campbellsville, Kentucky, a TGP 24" diameter pipeline exploded, blowing 25-foot chunk of pipe out of the ground; it landed 200 feet away, the pipe twisted and mangled, its external coating burned off. The pipe ruptured due to external corrosion more than two feet long at the bottom of a valley in an area of wet shale, known to cause corrosion on buried pipelines in this part of Kentucky.[32]
  • On February 17, 2007, at Cypress, Texas, TGP's 31-inch natural gas pipeline exploded 4 hours after a bulldozer hit it. Residents reported a loud explosion that shook the ground enough to set off car alarms, as well as "a rumbling sound" and a bright orange fireball. Firefighters "backfilled" the break with nitrogen. [33] The pipe was manufactured in 1948.[34]
  • On November 30, 2010, a 30" diameter Tennessee Gas Pipeline failed in a semi-rural area between Highway 1 and State Road 3191, two miles northwest of Natchitoches, Louisiana, 1/4 mile northeast of a country club, and 200 feet south of a residential subdivision. Louisiana state police evacuated 100 homes. Investigation found the pipe had a crack 52 inches long and about half an inch wide. The failure site was near where TGP had a previous failure in 1965 with multiple fatalities. That failure was attributed to stress corrosion cracking.[35]
  • On February 10, 2011, at Hanoverton, Ohio, TGP received a report from a local landowner of a fire where a pipeline had ruptured in Columbiana County. There was no formal evacuation of local residents although emergency reponders advised some to leave their homes as a precautionary measure. The failure was caused by a crack in a girth weld at the time of construction; the pipe was manufactured in 1963. [36]
  • On November 16, 2011, near Glouster, Ohio, a weld failed on a TGP 36" diameter pipe; the leak exploded, leaving a blast crater 30 feet across and 15 feet deep. Three homes were destroyed by the fire.[37] The leak was caused by "displacement produced by a landslide and an inadequate understanding by (TGP) of the influence of the geotechnical threats on the pipeline in this location."[38] A girth weld failed due to earth movement, inadequate design, materials or workmanship, exceeding operational limits & gaps in integrity management.[39]
  • On November 21, 2011, near Batesville, Mississippi, a 24" diameter TGP natural gas pipeline ruptured; the resulting leak ignited in a fireball and burned for several hours. Authorities evacuated 20 homes.[40] The cause was a failed repair sleeve installed over a wrinkle bend a 57-inch long fracture in the pipe and a 61-inch long fracture in the repair sleeve. The explosion created a crater 78 feet wide and 15 feet deep.[41] After the gas ignited, 71 people were evacuated. The leak's cause was a sag in the pipeline under an unusually large depth of soil that imposed a high load stress which the pipeline was unable to withstand.[42]
  • On February 10, 2015, in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, cold weather caused "natural force damage" to a Tennessee Gas Pipeline when freezing rain or snow entered a vent then froze.[43]
  • On March 2, 2015, a Tennessee Gas Pipeline leaked due to equipment failure, causing $281,890 of property damage in Marshall, Mississippi.[44]
  • On August 3, 2015, near Falfurrias, Texas, a corroded TGP 16" diameter pipeline exploded, injuring two. The blowout resulted in a 70-foot by 30-foot crater 350 feet from a house. Emergency responders evacuated 100 people and Texas DOT closed Highway 285 for 5 miles east and west until the isolated segment was blown down. Investigation found a longitudinal split about 55 feet long in the pipe. The metallurgical report found that the cause was high ph stress corrosion cracking. The pipe was manufactured in 1947.[45]
  • In December 2015, a TGP transmission line leaked when equipment failed, causing $12,482 in property damage, in West Winfield, New York.[46]
  • On February 14, 2016, in Charlton, Massachusetts, Kinder Morgan's Tennessee Gas Pipeline transmission line failed due to a malfunction of control or relief equipment, releasing $16,598 worth of gas.[47]
  • On August 1, 2016, a lightning strike in rural Powell County, Kentucky, impacted Kinder Morgan’s compressor station on its Tennessee Gas Pipeline system in Clay City. The company’s emergency shut down system was activated and natural gas was safely vented into the air, but a fine mist of oil was spewed onto the nearby highway and land. As a precaution, the road was closed to lay down sand to absorb the lubricant. A nearby homeowner's yard, vehicles and pool were covered in the substance.[48] According to PHMSA, property damage was $138,750.[49]
  • On August 1, 2016, a lightning strike in rural Powell County, Kentucky, impacted a TGP compressor station in Clay City. The company’s emergency shutdown system was activated and natural gas was safely vented into the air, but a fine mist of oil was spewed onto Highway 15 and nearby land. A nearby homeowner's yard, vehicles and pool were covered in the substance.[50]
  • On November 20, 2017, at Agawam, Massachusetts, an operator error on TGP's Connecticut Expansion Project's pipeline test at the compressor station discharged 16,500 gallons of hazardous wastewater onto the soil of the compressor station yard; the wastewater contained heavy metals, lead, and carcinogens such as tetrachloroethylene and phthalate.[51]
  • On November 29, 2017, in Richmond, Massachusetts, overpressure (for unknown cause) triggered a relief valve to open at a TGP pigging station for a 40-minute blowdown, releasing gas into a residential neighborhood. When contacted, TGP personnel had no idea that there was a problem.[52]

Articles and resources

References

  1. ↑ Tennessee Gas Pipeline, Wikipedia, accessed January 2018
  2. ↑ Clarence Fanto, Lenox looks at options ahead of Kinder Morgan's proposed pipeline route, Berkshire Eagle, June 15, 2014.
  3. ↑ Mary Douglas, "Stopping the pipeline: What are the options?," Berkshire Edge, http://theberkshireedge.comstopping-pipeline-options/, accessed July 7, 2014; Derek Gentile, Marching in opposition," Berkshire Eagle, July 7, 2014; Maureen Morine, "Tell Kinder Morgan to 'frack off'," Lowell Sun, July 1, 2014.
  4. ↑ Ron P. Whittington, "Kinder Morgan's pipeline leak data raise questions," January 2-4, 2016, savannahnow.com/news, accessed 2016.01.06.
  5. ↑ Phil Demers, "Permission to survey revoked," Berkshire Eagle, July 12, 2014.
  6. ↑ Sen. Elizabeth Warren, "We can do better than pipeline," Berkshire Eagle, August 10, 2014; Phil Demers, "Speakers oppose Kinder Morgan's request to take land for pipeline," Berkshire Eagle, March 30, 2016.
  7. ↑ Tennessee Gas Pipeline Northeast Energy Direct (NED) Project Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, archived page accessed January 2018
  8. ↑ [Mass, Isaac. "Mass/My Turn: Case for the Pipeline"], The Recorder. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 June 2015
  9. ↑ Tennessee Gas Pipeline Northeast Energy Direct (NED) Project, Kinder Morgan NED web page Archived August 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ [Mary Serreze | Special to The Republican. "Gas Pipeline Foes Form Three-state Coalition to Fight Kinder Morgan's Northeast Energy Direct Project"], The Republican, N.p., n.d. Web. 26 June 2015
  11. ↑ Ruth Bass, “Pipeline is explosive town issue,” Berkshire Eagle, July 14, 2014.
  12. ↑ H. Noel Duckworth and Robert Eiber, Report On Assessment of Pipeline Integrity of Kinder-Morgan Conversion of the Rancho Pipeline To City of Austin Texas (June 2004), pp. 29-30, at primis.phmsa.dot.gov, accessed June 23, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Kinder Morgan suspends Northeast Energy Direct project," Berkshire Eagle, Apr 20, 2016.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 KM Plans to Convert Tennessee Gas Pipeline to Flow M-U NGLs South, Marcellus Drilling News, Aug. 22, 2017
  15. ↑ Kinder Morgan, MarkWest Utica EMG Announce Plans to Form Joint Venture to Support Northern Ohio Rich-Gas Development and NGL Takeaway from the Utica and Marcellus Shale Resource Plays, Kinder Morgan Press Release, Aug. 7, 2013
  16. ↑ Environmental Assessment for the Abandonment and Capacity Restoration Project (Docket No. CP15-88-000), FERC, Nov. 2, 2016
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Pipeline wins federal OK to carry hazardous liquids across Kentucky, Lexington Herald Leader, Oct. 3, 2017
  18. ↑ PHMSA Operator Information, Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company, Operator ID:19160, at https://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/operator/OperatorIM_opid_19160.html?nocache=769#_Incidents_tab_2, accessed 2018.01.08.
  19. ↑ PHMSA 20-year trends, at https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/pipeline-incident-20-year-trends, accessed 2018.01.08.
  20. ↑ PHMSA Federal Inspection and Enforcement Data for TGP at https://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/operator/OperatorIE_opid_19160.html?nocache=9938#_OuterPanel_tab_1, accessed 2018.01.08.
  21. ↑ PHMSA Incident Data for TGP 2006-2017, at https://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/operator/OperatorIM_opid_19160.html?nocache=7423#_Incidents_tab_3, accessed 2018.01.08.
  22. ↑ Data sets of PHMSA Pipeline Safety-Flagged Incidents for 1986-2001, 2002-2009, and 2010-2017 can be downloaded from the tab by that name on the PHMSA Pipeline Incident Flagged Files page, https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/pipeline-incident-flagged-files, accessed 2018.01.10.
  23. ↑ See transcripts of "GAS BLAST KILLS 17 IN LOUISIANA," Corpus Christi Times, March 4, 1965, http://www.gendisasters.com/louisiana/53/natchitoches-la-gas-pipeline-explosion-mar-1965, and "Pipeline Explosion, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana," Natchitoches Times, March 11, 1965, at http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/natchitoches/newspapers/pipeline.txt, accessed 2018.01.08
  24. ↑ PHMSA Pipeline Safety-Flagged Incidents, gtgg1986to2001 spreadsheet, PHMSA Pipeline Incident Flagged Files page, https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/pipeline-incident-flagged-files, accessed 2018.01.10.
  25. ↑ PHMSA Pipeline Safety-Flagged Incidents (1986-2001) link on the Pipeline Incident Flagged Files page at www.phmsa.dot.govdata-and-statisticspipelinepipeline-incident-flagged-files.
  26. ↑ PHMSA data on gas transmission (GT) and gas gathering (GG) pipelines 1986-2017 can be found at the link to PHMSA Pipeline Safety-Flagged Incidents on the Pipeline Incident Flagged Files page at https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/pipeline-incident-flagged-files, accessed 2018.01.09.
  27. ↑ PHMSA data on GT & GG pipelines, 2002-2009.
  28. ↑ PHMSA data on GT & GG pipelines, 2002-2009.
  29. ↑ PHMSA data on GT & GG pipelines, 2002-2009.
  30. ↑ Burton Speakman, "Gas leak forces out 200," Bowling Green Daily News, Dec 29, 2005, at http://www.bgdailynews.com/news/gas-leak-forces-out/article_1a75c54c-6e5e-5f1f-b672-94fd3a7e2e52.html, accessed 1/11/2016.
  31. ↑ PHMSA data on GT & GG pipelines 2002-2009.
  32. ↑ PHMSA Corrective Action Order, CPF No. 2-2006-3 007 H, a.k.a. CPF 220061007H.
  33. ↑ Anne Marie Kilday and Cindy Horswell, "Gas explosion rocks northwest Harris County," Houston Chronicle, Feb 18, 2007, http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Gas-explosion-rocks-northwest-Harris-County-1583763.php, accessed 1/13/2016.
  34. ↑ PHMSA data on GT & GG pipelines, 2002-2009.
  35. ↑ PHMSA Corrective Action Order, Case CPF 420101007H.
  36. ↑ PHMSA data on GT & GG pipelines, 2010-2015. "Pipeline failure caused huge Morgan County blast," Columbus Dispatch, November 17, 2011, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2011/11/16/gas-pipeline-explodes-in-athens-county.html.
  37. ↑ "Pipeline failure caused huge Morgan County blast," Columbus Dispatch, Nov 17, 2011, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2011/11/16/gas-pipeline-explodes-in-athens-county.html, & "Gas Line Explodes ...," http://www.10tv.com/content/stories/2011/11/16/athens-county-explosion.html; "Flames From Gas Explosion Called Worst Firefighter Had Seen," http://www.10tv.com/content/stories/2011/11/16/athens-county-flames-worse-seen.html; "Pipeline co. wants to nix punitive damages in explosion lawsuit," Athens News, March 19, 2014, http://www.athensnews.com/ohio/article-41987-pipeline-co-wants-to-nix-punitive-damages-in-explosion-lawsuit.html, accessed 8/13/2014.
  38. ↑ Joe Higgins, 'November gas line explosion cause revealed,' Athens Messenger, OH, July 16, 2012, quote from p.14 of report cited below, http://www.athensohiotoday.com/news/november-gas-line-explosion-cause-revealed/article_a2f3a55c-cf8c-11e1-ba27-0019bb2963f4.html.
  39. ↑ "Final Report: Failure & Root Cause Analysis," Dynamic Risk for Kinder Morgan Nov 16, 2011 rupture, posted at http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/athensohiotoday.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/a/8a/a8aab150-cf7f-11e1-8a70-001a4bcf887a/500471418c9e3.pdf.pdf
  40. ↑ PHMSA Case CPF 220111010H.
  41. ↑ PHMSA Failure Investigation Report – Tennessee Gas Pipeline Line 100-1, Batesville, Mississippi [photos], http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_C80BD963574545B0A2F0BA9158E6F8BA034D0E00/filename/TGP%20Batesville%2011-22-11%20Redacted.pdf.
  42. ↑ PHMSA Operator Report Incident Data for Tennessee Gas Pipeline.
  43. ↑ PHMSA Incident Data for TGP 2006-2017, at https://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/operator/OperatorIM_opid_19160.html?nocache=7423#_Incidents_tab_3, accessed 2018.01.08.
  44. ↑ PHMSA Incident Data for TGP 2006-2017, at https://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/operator/OperatorIM_opid_19160.html?nocache=7423#_Incidents_tab_3, accessed 2018.01.08.
  45. ↑ Nicole Hickl, "Sheriff's Office: Natural gas pipeline 'explosion' forced 150 Falfurrias families from their homes," Valley Central, accessed 2015-08-21; PHMSA Corrective Action Order CPF No. 4-2015-1009H, at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/enforce/documents/420151009H/420151009H_Corrective%20Action%20Order_08062015.pdf; Sergio Chapa, "Preliminary TCEQ report: Thousands of pounds of volatile gases released during Kinder Morgan pipeline accident," August 6, 2015, at http://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/news/2015/08/06/preliminary-tceq-report-thousands-of-pounds-of.html, accessed 1/6/2016; PHMSA data on GT & GG pipelines, 2010-2015.
  46. ↑ PHMSA Operator Report Incident Data for Tennessee Gas Pipeline, at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/operator/OperatorIM_opid_19160.html?nocache=52#_Incidents_tab_3, accessed December 15, 2016.
  47. ↑ PHMSA Operator Report Incident Data for Tennessee Gas Pipeline, at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/operator/OperatorIM_opid_19160.html?nocache=52#_Incidents_tab_3, accessed December 15, 2016.
  48. ↑ WKYT News Staff, "Lightning strike causes mystery substance to spew in Powell Co.," August 1, 2016, at http://www.wkyt.com/content/news/EMA-Lightning-strike-causes-mystery-substance-to-spew-in-Powell-Co-388866042.html, accessed 2018.01.07.
  49. ↑ PHMSA Operator Report Incident Data for Tennessee Gas Pipeline.
  50. ↑ WKYT News Staff, "Lightning strike causes mystery substance to spew in Powell Co.," August 1, 2016, at http://www.wkyt.com/content/news/EMA-Lightning-strike-causes-mystery-substance-to-spew-in-Powell-Co-388866042.html, accessed 2018.01.07.
  51. ↑ Heather Bellow, "Senators renew pipeline worries," Berkshire Eagle, January 4, 2018, p. A1.
  52. ↑ Heather Bellow, "Release of gas in pipeline 'unusual'," Berkshire Eagle, December 28, 2017, pp. A1, A3.

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