Fraser Institute

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The Fraser Institute is a libertarian think tank based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Fraser Institute is an associate member of the right-wing State Policy Network (SPN), and was featured in SPN's Associate Member Updates in July/August 2017. [1] Additional reports, ranking and index information about the Fraser Institute are featured in SPN's Associate Member Updates [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

Koch Wiki

The Koch brothers -- David and Charles -- are the right-wing billionaire co-owners of Koch Industries. As two of the richest people in the world, they are key funders of the right-wing infrastructure, including the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) and the State Policy Network (SPN). In SourceWatch, key articles on the Kochs include: Koch Brothers, Koch Industries, Americans for Prosperity, American Encore, and Freedom Partners.

State Policy Network

SPN is a web of right-wing “think tanks” and tax-exempt organizations in 50 states, Washington, D.C., Canada, and the United Kingdom. As of October 2019, SPN's membership totals 162. Today's SPN is the tip of the spear of far-right, nationally funded policy agenda in the states that undergirds extremists in the Republican Party. SPN Executive Director Tracie Sharp told the Wall Street Journal in 2017 that the revenue of the combined groups was some $80 million, but a 2019 analysis of SPN's main members IRS filings by the Center for Media and Democracy shows that the combined revenue is over $120 million.[10] Although SPN's member organizations claim to be nonpartisan and independent, the Center for Media and Democracy's in-depth investigation, "EXPOSED: The State Policy Network -- The Powerful Right-Wing Network Helping to Hijack State Politics and Government," reveals that SPN and its member think tanks are major drivers of the right-wing, American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)-backed corporate agenda in state houses nationwide, with deep ties to the Koch brothers and the national right-wing network of funders.[11]

In response to CMD's report, SPN Executive Director Tracie Sharp told national and statehouse reporters that SPN affiliates are "fiercely independent." Later the same week, however, The New Yorker's Jane Mayer caught Sharp in a contradiction. In her article, "Is IKEA the New Model for the Conservative Movement?," the Pulitzer-nominated reporter revealed that, in a recent meeting behind closed doors with the heads of SPN affiliates around the country, Sharp "compared the organization’s model to that of the giant global chain IKEA." She reportedly said that SPN "would provide 'the raw materials,' along with the 'services' needed to assemble the products. Rather than acting like passive customers who buy finished products, she wanted each state group to show the enterprise and creativity needed to assemble the parts in their home states. 'Pick what you need,' she said, 'and customize it for what works best for you.'" Not only that, but Sharp "also acknowledged privately to the members that the organization's often anonymous donors frequently shape the agenda. 'The grants are driven by donor intent,' she told the gathered think-tank heads. She added that, often, 'the donors have a very specific idea of what they want to happen.'"[12]

A set of coordinated fundraising proposals obtained and released by The Guardian in early December 2013 confirm many of these SPN members' intent to change state laws and policies, referring to "advancing model legislation" and "candidate briefings." These activities "arguably cross the line into lobbying," The Guardian notes.[13]

Ties to the Koch Brothers

The Charles Koch Institute has funded the Fraser Institute's research work, including the Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) Index, [14] and the Economic Freedom of North America 2015 report. [15]

In 2014, Daniel Tencer of The Huffington Post Canada reported that the Koch Foundation had made several large donations to the Fraser Institute, which may have impacted Canada's environmental policies and legislative decisions. [16]

In 2012, Alexis Stoymenoff of the Vancouver Observer reported that The Fraser Institute accepted $500,000 from the Koch Brothers over a four year period. She wrote, "According to U.S. tax documents, The Fraser Institute received $150,000 from the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation in 2008, $175,500 in 2009, and another $150,000 in 2010. The grants were purportedly for "research support" and "educational programs." [17] Furthermore, according to Stoymenoff, "Prior to 2008, the Institute received another $25,000 in funding from the Claude R. Lambe Foundation, which is under the umbrella of Koch Family Foundations." [17]

Ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council

In August 2011, Dr. Gerry Angevine, Senior Economist in the Institute's Global Resource Center, spoke at the Energy, Environment and Agriculture Task Force meeting at the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) 2011 annual meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana.[18]

About ALEC
ALEC is a corporate bill mill. It is not just a lobby or a front group; it is much more powerful than that. Through ALEC, corporations hand state legislators their wishlists to benefit their bottom line. Corporations fund almost all of ALEC's operations. They pay for a seat on ALEC task forces where corporate lobbyists and special interest reps vote with elected officials to approve “model” bills. Learn more at the Center for Media and Democracy's ALECexposed.org, and check out breaking news on our PRWatch.org site.

Ties to the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation

In the February 2015 issue of the On-Lion Letter, the Bradley Foundation advertised the Fraser Institute's economic training programs, and expressed their support for the Fraser Institute: "The Fraser Institute is an associate member of the State Policy Network, which is also supported by Bradley." [19]

Bradley Files

In 2017, the Center for Media and Democracy (CMD), publishers of SourceWatch, launched a series of articles on the Milwaukee-based Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, exposing the inner-workings of one of America's largest right-wing foundations. 56,000 previously undisclosed documents laid bare the Bradley Foundation's highly politicized agenda. CMD detailed Bradley's efforts to map and measure right wing infrastructure nationwide, including by dismantling and defunding unions to impact state elections; bankrolling discredited spin doctor Richard Berman and his many front groups; and more.

Find the series here at ExposedbyCMD.org.

History

In 1974, a group of academics and business executives, concerned about big government, founded the Fraser Institute. [20]

At the time, there were concerns about the institute's agenda given that one of those who helped set it up, Michael Walker, an economist from the University of Western Ontario, had received financial support from the forestry giant, MacMillan-Bloedel. To allay these charges, the Fraser Institute emphasized three key points: 1) Its research priorities would be determined by its staff, not its funders, 2) Its research would be based on sound methodology and facts. To ensure this, an Editorial Advisory Board would be established. 3) No institute staff would engage in political activity, and the institute's conclusions would not be modified to favour any political or economic group." [20]

In his book Thinking the unthinkable, Richard Cockett outlined that Antony Fisher, who founded the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) played a critical role in the development of the Fraser Institute. "On the strength of his reputation with the IEA, he was invited in 1975 to become co-director of the Fraser Institute in Vancouver, founded by the Canadian businessman Pat Boyle in 1974. Fisher let the young director of the Fraser Institute, Dr Michael Walker, get on with the intellectual output of the Institute (just as he had given free reign to Seldon and Harris at the IEA) while he himself concentrated on the fund-raising side," Cockett wrote. [21]

On page 2 of its 2005 Annual Report, the Fraser Institute features a photograph of Michael Walker with US Vice President Dick Cheney at the Eisenhower Administration Building, followed by a photograph of Canada's "future Prime Minister" Stephen Harper attending the Institute's annual general meeting.

The Fraser Institute's list of Senior Fellows includes Tom Flanagan, originally of Ottawa (Illinois), who is a professor of political science at the University of Calgary. Tom Flanagan was campaign manager to Prime Minister Stephen Harper when he headed Canada's newly formed Conservative Party in federal elections in 2004, and then again in 2005, when the Conservatives won a minority in government.[citation needed]

Other senior fellows of the institute have been deeply involved in political activity Preston Manning is the founder of the right-wing Reform Party in Canada, which later merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the new Conservative Party, led by Stephen Harper who became Prime Minister in 2006. Former Conservative Premier of the province of Ontario, Mike Harris, is also a fellow at the Fraser Institute. [20]

There are also questions about how much the institute's work is shaped by its corporate funders. In 1999, the Fraser Institute sponsored two conferences on the tobacco industry: "Junk Science, Junk Policy? Managing Risk and Regulation" and "Should government butt out? The pros and cons of tobacco regulation." [20]

Climate Change Denial

The Fraser Institute has published material skeptical of climate change science since at least 2001, which marks the publication of Global Warming: A Guide to the Science by Willie Soon and Sallie L. Baliunas The abstract states: "There is no clear evidence, nor unique attribution, of the global effects of anthropogenic CO2 on climate. Meaningful assessments of the environmental impacts of anthropogenic CO2 are not yet possible because model estimates of global and regional changes in climate on interannual, decadal and centennial time-scales remain highly uncertain." [22]

The Fraser Institute published an Independent Summary for Policymakers [23] (ISPM) on Feb. 5, 2007, which was released after the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report on Climate Change. [24] Economist and Fraser Institute Senior Fellow Ross McKitrick served as co-ordinator of the ISPM [1]. Desmogblog leaked a late draft of the Fraser Institute ISPM in the runup to the IPCC official release [2]. In 2003, Professor Ross McKitrick is known for his opposition to the Endangered Species Act in Canada, and is the author of Taken By Storm, which denies climate change. McKitrick is also a senior fellow at the Fraser Institute.

Kenneth Green held the positions of Chief Scientist and Director of Centre for Studies in Risk, Regulation, and Environment at the Fraser Institute from 2002 to 2005. While at the Institute, Kenneth Green published many anti-Kyoto and climate change skeptical articles, notably "The Science Isn't Settled: The limitations of climate change models" [25] together with Tim Ball and Steven Schroeder. As reported in the Huffington Post, "The Fraser Institute received $120,000 from ExxonMobil in 2003-‘04. Fraser Institute Foundation President Michael Walker said the funding paid for the work of researcher Kenneth Green, who served as chief scientist at Fraser Institute between 2002-2005." [26]

Publications

The Fraser institute publishes The Quarterly [27] and Fraser Institute Annual Reports, [28] which detail the institute's research work, policies, and programs.

Funding

Between 1995 and 2014, the Fraser Institute received $2,636,327 in donations. [29]

Top Donors (1995-2014):

Core Financials

2015 [31]

  • Total Revenue: $7,674,859
  • Total Expenses: $7,539,367
  • Net Assets: $1,091,555

2014 [31]

  • Total Revenue: $11,369,260
  • Total Expenses: $11,214,432
  • Net Assets: $1,330,642

2013 [31]

  • Total Revenue: $8,505,379
  • Total Expenses: $8,390,389
  • Net Assets: $1,175,814

2012 [31]

  • Total Revenue: $10,177,439
  • Total Expenses: $10,182,941
  • Net Assets: $1,060,824

2011 [31]

  • Total Revenue: $9,694,821
  • Total Expenses: $9,654,094
  • Net Assets: $1,038,124

Personnel

Team [32]

  • Niels Veldhuis, President
  • Jason Clemens, Executive Vice-President
  • Annabel Addington, Director, Administration and Human Resources
  • Elmira Aliakbari, Senior Economist
  • Bacchus Barua, Senior Economist
  • Manpreet Brar, Manager, Human Resources
  • Laura Chan, Senior Coordinator, Development Events
  • Kimberly Chapman, Manager, Education Events
  • Jason Chau, Animator
  • Peter Cowley, Director, School Performance Studies
  • Rhogene Dadashzadeh, Director, Development Events
  • Kira DeVries, Development Manager, Western Canada
  • Ben Eisen, Director, Provincial Prosperity Studies
  • Josef Filipowicz, Senior Policy Analyst
  • Lisa-Diane Fortier, Senior Director, Education Programs
  • Kenneth P. Green, Senior Director, Centre for Natural Resources
  • Sydney Hagen, Manager, Education Events
  • Sazid Hasan, Economist
  • Mark Hasiuk, Senior Communications Specialist
  • Ryan Hill, Senior Coordinator, Education Programs
  • Chris Howey, Accounts Payable Administrator
  • Taylor Jackson, Senior Policy Analyst
  • Margaret Kerr, Administrative Assistant
  • Kyla Knowles, Executive Assistant
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies
  • Steve Lafleur, Senior Policy Analyst
  • Hugh MacIntyre, Policy Analyst
  • Angela MacLeod, Policy Analyst
  • Lindsey Martin, Production Editor
  • John Maus, Director, Development
  • Feixue (Snow) Ren, Economist
  • Cheryl Rutledge, Manager, Web Projects
  • Amberlea Schaab, Director of Production and Marketing
  • Ashley Stedman, Policy Analyst
  • Venia Tan, Manager, Finance and Accounting
  • Ingrid Timmermans, Development Assistant
  • Bryn Weese, Media Relations Specialist
  • Amy Wu, Database Manager
  • Oliver Wu, Senior Systems Administrator
  • Andy Yu, Chief Financial Officer

Senior Research Staff [33]

  • Niels Veldhuis, President
  • Jason Clemens, Executive Vice-President
  • Peter Cowley, Director, School Performance Studies
  • Bacchus Barua, Senior Economist, Health Policy Studies
  • Ben Eisen, Director, Provincial Prosperity Studies
  • Josef Filipowicz, Senior Policy Analyst
  • Kenneth P. Green, Senior Director, Centre for Natural Resources
  • Taylor Jackson, Senior Policy Analyst, Centre for Natural Resources
  • Steve Lafleur, Senior Policy Analyst
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies
  • Fred McMahon, Resident Fellow, Dr. Michael A. Walker Research Chair in Economic Freedom
  • Milagros Palacios, Senior Research Economist, Fiscal Studies

Senior Fellows [34]

  • Vicki Alger, Director, Women for School Choice Project, Independent Women's Forum
  • Derek J. Allison, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Education, The University of Western Ontario
  • Gerry Angevine, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Sonia Arrison, Associate Founder and Academic Advisor, Singularity University
  • Eugene Beaulieu, Professor of Economics, University of Calgary
  • Dr. Brett Belchetz, Practicing Emergency Room Physician
  • Robert Bish, Professor Emeritus, School of Public Administration, University of Victoria
  • Nicholas Bloom, Professor of Economics, Stanford University, National Bureau of Economic Research
  • Lynn Bosetti, Professor and Head, School of Education, LaTrobe University, Melbourne
  • Donald Boudreaux, Professor of Economics, George Mason University
  • John Chant, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Simon Fraser University
  • Martin Collacott, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Pierre Desrochers, Associate Professor of Geography, University of Toronto
  • Livio Di Matteo, Professor of Economics, Lakehead University
  • John Dobra, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Nevada
  • Alan Dowd, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Stephen T. Easton, Professor of Economics, Simon Fraser University
  • Joel Emes, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Nadeem Esmail, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Tawni Hunt Ferrarini, Professor of Economics and Director, Center for Economic Education and Entrepreneurship, Northern Michigan University
  • Tom Flanagan, Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Distinguished Fellow, School of Public Policy, University of Calgary
  • Jonathan Fortier, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Glenn Fox, Professor of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Guelph
  • Todd Gabel, Asst. Professor of Economics, University of Texas
  • Gordon Gibson, former Leader of the B.C. Liberal Party
  • Steven Globerman, Director, Center for International Business, Western Washington University
  • Wilf Gobert, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Herbert Grubel, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Simon Fraser University
  • James Gwartney, Director, Stavros Center for the Advancement of Free Enterprise and Economic Education
  • Csaba Hajdú, Principal, Paprika Consulting Inc., & co-founder, Fraser Institute
  • Joshua C. Hall, Associate Professor of Economics, West Virginia University
  • The Hon. Michael Harris, former Premier of Ontario
  • David R. Henderson, Professor of Economics, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School & Hoover Institution
  • Roberta Herzberg, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Mercatus Center at George Mason University
  • Steven Horwitz, Professor and Department Chair of Economics, St. Lawrence University
  • Jerry Jordan, President, Pacific Academy for Advanced Studies
  • Lynne Kiesling, Distinguished Senior Lecturer in Economics, Northwestern University
  • Erik Kimbrough, Assistant Professor, Economics and Co-Director of the CRABE Experimental Economics Laboratory, Simon Fraser University
  • Stephen Kirchner, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Rainer Knopff, Professor of Political Science, University of Calgary
  • Yanick Labrie, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Malcolm Lavoie, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Alberta Faculty of Law
  • Marc Law, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Vermont
  • Robert A. Lawson, Professor of Economics, Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University
  • Danny LeRoy, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Lethbridge
  • Kristina Lybecker, Associate Professor of Economics, Colorado College
  • Preston Manning, President & CEO, Manning Centre for Building Democracy
  • Ross McKitrick, Professor of Economics, University of Guelph
  • Jean-Luc Migué, Professor Emeritus in Economics, École nationale d'administration publique
  • Lydia Miljan, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Windsor
  • Alexander Moens, Professor of Political Science, Simon Fraser University
  • Robert P. Murphy, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Dr. Robert Ouellet, Former President, Canadian Medical Association
  • Liya Palagashvili, Assistant Professor, State University of New York-Purchase
  • Filip Palda, Professor, École nationale d'administration publique
  • Sandra Peart, Dean, Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond
  • Joseph Quesnel, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Dr. Nigel Rawson, President, Eastlake Research Group
  • Christopher A. Sarlo, Professor of Economics, Nipissing University
  • David Schmidtz, Kendrick Professor of Philosophy and Eller Chair of Service-Dominant Logic, University of Arizona
  • Kathleen Sheehan, Assistant Professor of Economics, Creighton University
  • Pierre Simard, Professor of Social Sciences, École nationale d'administration publique
  • Aeon J. Skoble, Professor and Chairman of Philosophy, Bridgewater State University
  • Cornelis "Kees" van Kooten, Professor of Economics, University of Victoria
  • Deani Van Pelt, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Michael Walker< Chairman, Fraser Institute Foundation & Founding Executive Director of the Fraser Institute
  • William Watson, Professor of Economics, McGill University
  • Joel Wood, Associate Professor of Economics, Thompson Rivers University
  • Moin Yahya, Associate Professor of Law, University of Alberta
  • Paul Zak, Professor of Economics, Department Chair, and founding Director, Center for Neuroeconomics, Claremont Graduate University

Topic Experts [35]
Aboriginal Policy:

  • Tom Flanagan, Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Distinguished Fellow, School of Public Policy, University of Calgary
  • Gordon Gibson, former Leader of the B.C. Liberal Party
  • Malcolm Lavoie, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Alberta Faculty of Law
  • Joseph Quesnel, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute

Agriculture:

  • Glenn Fox, Professor of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Guelph
  • Danny LeRoy, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Lethbridge
  • Cornelis "Kees" van Kooten, Professor of Economics, University of Victoria

Alberta Prosperity:

  • Ben Eisen, Director, Provincial Prosperity Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Steve Lafleur, Senior Policy Analyst, Fraser Institute

Arts & Literature:

  • Jonathan Fortier, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Aeon J. Skoble, Professor and Chairman of Philosophy, Bridgewater State University

BC Prosperity:

  • Ben Eisen, Director, Provincial Prosperity Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Niels Veldhuis, President, Fraser Institute
  • Michael Walker, Chairman, Fraser Institute Foundation & Founding Executive Director of the Fraser Institute

Crime & Drug Policy:

  • Livio Di Matteo, Professor of Economics, Lakehead University
  • Stephen T. Easton, Professor of Economics, Simon Fraser University

Defence & Security:

  • Alan Dowd, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Alexander Moens, Professor of Political Science, Simon Fraser University

Democracy & Governance:

  • Taylor Jackson, Senior Policy Analyst, Centre for Natural Resource Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Rainer Knopff, Professor of Political Science, University of Calgary
  • Lydia Miljan, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Windsor
  • Filip Palda, Professor, École nationale d'administration publique

Economic Freedom:

  • James Gwartney, Director, Stavros Center for the Advancement of Free Enterprise and Economic Education
  • Joshua C. Hall, Associate Professor of Economics, West Virginia University
  • Robert A. Lawson, Professor of Economics, Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University
  • Fred McMahon, Resident Fellow, Dr. Michael A. Walker Research Chair in Economic Freedom, Fraser Institute
  • Liya Palagashvili, Assistant Professor, State University of New York-Purchase
  • Kathleen Sheehan, Assistant Professor of Economics, Creighton University
  • Michael Walker, Chairman, Fraser Institute Foundation & Founding Executive Director of the Fraser Institute

Economic History:

  • Stephen T. Easton, Professor of Economics, Simon Fraser University
  • Marc Law, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Vermont
  • Sandra Peart, Dean, Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond

Economic Principles:

  • Elmira Aliakbari, Senior Economist, Fraser Institute
  • Stephen T. Easton, Professor of Economics, Simon Fraser University
  • Jonathan Fortier, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • David R. Henderson, Professor of Economics, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School & Hoover Institution
  • Roberta Herzberg, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Mercatus Center at George Mason University
  • Steven Horwitz, Professor and Department Chair of Economics, St. Lawrence University
  • Liya Palagashvili, Assistant Professor, State University of New York-Purchase
  • Sandra Peart, Dean, Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond
  • David Schmidtz, Kendrick Professor of Philosophy and Eller Chair of Service-Dominant Logic, University of Arizona
  • Pierre Simard, Professor of Social Sciences, École nationale d'administration publique

Economic Uncertainty:

  • Nicholas Bloom, Professor of Economics, Stanford University, National Bureau of Economic Research

Education Policy:

  • Vicki Alger, Director, Women for School Choice Project, Independent Women's Forum
  • Derek J. Allison, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Education, The University of Western Ontario
  • Lynn Bosetti, Professor and Head, School of Education, LaTrobe University, Melbourne
  • Jason Clemens, Executive Vice President, Fraser Institute
  • Stephen T. Easton, Professor of Economics, Simon Fraser University
  • Angela MacLeod, Policy Analyst, Fraser Institute
  • Deani Van Pelt, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute

Energy:

  • Elmira Aliakbari, Senior Economist, Fraser Institute
  • Gerry Angevine, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Pierre Desrochers, Associate Professor of Geography, University of Toronto
  • Wilf Gobert, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Kenneth P. Green, Senior Director, Center for Natural Resource Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Taylor Jackson, Senior Policy Analyst, Centre for Natural Resource Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Lynne Kiesling, Distinguished Senior Lecturer in Economics, Northwestern University
  • Ross McKitrick, Professor of Economics, University of Guelph
  • Robert P. Murphy, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Moin Yahya, Associate Professor of Law, University of Alberta

Entrepreneurship:

  • Jason Clemens, Executive Vice President, Fraser Institute
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Niels Veldhuis, President, Fraser Institute

Environment:

  • Elmira Aliakbari, Senior Economist, Fraser Institute
  • Pierre Desrochers, Associate Professor of Geography, University of Toronto
  • Glenn Fox, Professor of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Guelph
  • Kenneth P. Green, Senior Director, Center for Natural Resource Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Ross McKitrick, Professor of Economics, University of Guelph
  • Cornelis "Kees" van Kooten, Professor of Economics, University of Victoria
  • Joel Wood, Associate Professor of Economics, Thompson Rivers University

Experimental Economics:

  • Erik Kimbrough, Assistant Professor, Economics and Co-Director of the CRABE Experimental Economics Laboratory, Simon Fraser University
  • Paul Zak, Professor of Economics, Department Chair, and founding Director, Center for Neuroeconomics, Claremont Graduate University

Government Spending:

  • Jason Clemens, Executive Vice President, Fraser Institute
  • Pierre Desrochers, Associate Professor of Geography, University of Toronto
  • Livio Di Matteo, Professor of Economics, Lakehead University
  • Ben Eisen, Director, Provincial Prosperity Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Joel Emes, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Stephen Kirchner, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Steve Lafleur, Senior Policy Analyst, Fraser Institute
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Robert P. Murphy, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Milagros Palacios, Senior Research Economist, Fraser Institute
  • Niels Veldhuis, President, Fraser Institute
  • Michael Walker, Chairman, Fraser Institute Foundation & Founding Executive Director of the Fraser Institute
  • William Watson, Professor of Economics, McGill University

Health Care:

  • Bacchus Barua, Senior Economist, Health Policy Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Dr. Brett Belchetz, Practicing Emergency Room Physician
  • Nadeem Esmail, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Steven Globerman, Director, Center for International Business, Western Washington University
  • David R. Henderson, Professor of Economics, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School & Hoover Institution
  • Roberta Herzberg, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Mercatus Center at George Mason University
  • Yanick Labrie, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Kristina Lybecker, Associate Professor of Economics, Colorado College
  • Dr. Robert Ouellet, Former President, Canadian Medical Association
  • Dr. Nigel Rawson, President, Eastlake Research Group
  • Michael Walker, Chairman, Fraser Institute Foundation & Founding Executive Director of the Fraser Institute

Health Care Wait Times:

  • Bacchus Barua, Senior Economist, Health Policy Studies, Fraser Institute

Immigration:

  • Martin Collacott, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Herbert Grubel, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Simon Fraser University

Judiciary:

  • Gordon Gibson, former Leader of the B.C. Liberal Party
  • Rainer Knopff, Professor of Political Science, University of Calgary

Labour Policy:

  • Jason Clemens, Executive Vice President, Fraser Institute
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Niels Veldhuis, President, Fraser Institute

Mining:

  • John Dobra, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Nevada
  • Kenneth P. Green, Senior Director, Center for Natural Resource Studies, Fraser Institute

Monetary Policy & Banking:

  • John Chant, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Simon Fraser University
  • Herbert Grubel, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Simon Fraser University
  • Jerry Jordan, President, Pacific Academy for Advanced Studies
  • Stephen Kirchner, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Jean-Luc Migué, Professor Emeritus in Economics, École nationale d'administration publique
  • Michael Walker, Chairman, Fraser Institute Foundation & Founding Executive Director of the Fraser Institute

Municipal Policy:

  • Robert Bish, Professor Emeritus, School of Public Administration, University of Victoria
  • Pierre Desrochers, Associate Professor of Geography, University of Toronto
  • Livio Di Matteo, Professor of Economics, Lakehead University
  • Josef Filipowicz, Senior Policy Analyst, Fraser Institute
  • Kenneth P. Green, Senior Director, Center for Natural Resource Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Steve Lafleur, Senior Policy Analyst, Fraser Institute
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Lydia Miljan, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Windsor
  • Filip Palda, Professor, École nationale d'administration publique

Natural Resources:

  • Elmira Aliakbari, Senior Economist, Fraser Institute
  • Pierre Desrochers, Associate Professor of Geography, University of Toronto
  • Glenn Fox, Professor of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Guelph
  • Kenneth P. Green, Senior Director, Center for Natural Resource Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Csaba Hajdú, Principal, Paprika Consulting Inc., & co-founder, Fraser Institute
  • Taylor Jackson, Senior Policy Analyst, Centre for Natural Resource Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Danny LeRoy, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Lethbridge
  • Ross McKitrick, Professor of Economics, University of Guelph
  • Cornelis "Kees" van Kooten, Professor of Economics, University of Victoria
  • Joel Wood, Associate Professor of Economics, Thompson Rivers University

Ontario Prosperity:

  • Ben Eisen, Director, Provincial Prosperity Studies, Fraser Institute

Pensions & Retirement:

  • Jason Clemens, Executive Vice President, Fraser Institute
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Niels Veldhuis, President, Fraser Institute
  • Michael Walker, Chairman, Fraser Institute Foundation & Founding Executive Director of the Fraser Institute

Poverty & Inequality:

  • Jason Clemens, Executive Vice President, Fraser Institute
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Christopher A. Sarlo, Professor of Economics, Nipissing University
  • Niels Veldhuis, President, Fraser Institute
  • William Watson, Professor of Economics, McGill University

Privatization:

  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Filip Palda, Professor, École nationale d'administration publique
  • Niels Veldhuis, President, Fraser Institute
  • Michael Walker, Chairman, Fraser Institute Foundation & Founding Executive Director of the Fraser Institute

Public Choice Economics:

  • Donald Boudreaux, Professor of Economics, George Mason University
  • Marc Law, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Vermont
  • Jean-Luc Migué, Professor Emeritus in Economics, École nationale d'administration publique
  • Filip Palda, Professor, École nationale d'administration publique
  • Sandra Peart, Dean, Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond
  • Moin Yahya, Associate Professor of Law, University of Alberta

Quebec Prosperity:

  • Pierre Desrochers, Associate Professor of Geography, University of Toronto
  • Yanick Labrie, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute

Risk & Regulation:

  • Pierre Desrochers, Associate Professor of Geography, University of Toronto
  • Kenneth P. Green, Senior Director, Center for Natural Resource Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Marc Law, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Vermont
  • Ross McKitrick, Professor of Economics, University of Guelph
  • Joel Wood, Associate Professor of Economics, Thompson Rivers University
  • Moin Yahya, Associate Professor of Law, University of Alberta

School Report Cards:

  • Peter Cowley, Director, School Performance Studies, Fraser Institute

Social Policy:

  • Jason Clemens, Executive Vice President, Fraser Institute
  • Ben Eisen, Director, Provincial Prosperity Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Todd Gabel, Asst. Professor of Economics, University of Texas
  • Steven Horwitz, Professor and Department Chair of Economics, St. Lawrence University
  • Christopher A. Sarlo, Professor of Economics, Nipissing University
  • Niels Veldhuis, President, Fraser Institute
  • William Watson, Professor of Economics, McGill University

Taxes:

  • Jason Clemens, Executive Vice President, Fraser Institute
  • Livio Di Matteo, Professor of Economics, Lakehead University
  • Ben Eisen, Director, Provincial Prosperity Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Joel Emes, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Stephen Kirchner, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Steve Lafleur, Senior Policy Analyst, Fraser Institute
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Robert P. Murphy, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Milagros Palacios, Senior Research Economist, Fraser Institute
  • Filip Palda, Professor, École nationale d'administration publique
  • Niels Veldhuis, President, Fraser Institute
  • Michael Walker, Chairman, Fraser Institute Foundation & Founding Executive Director of the Fraser Institute
  • William Watson, Professor of Economics, McGill University

Technology:

  • Sonia Arrison, Associate Founder and Academic Advisor, Singularity University

Trade & US Relations:

  • Eugene Beaulieu, Professor of Economics, University of Calgary
  • Donald Boudreaux, Professor of Economics, George Mason University
  • Alan Dowd, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute
  • Steven Globerman, Director, Center for International Business, Western Washington University
  • Herbert Grubel, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Simon Fraser University
  • Alexander Moens, Professor of Political Science, Simon Fraser University

Transportation & Infrastructure:

  • Kenneth P. Green, Senior Director, Center for Natural Resource Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Charles Lammam, Director, Fiscal Studies, Fraser Institute
  • Filip Palda, Professor, École nationale d'administration publique
  • Niels Veldhuis, President, Fraser Institute

Former Senior Fellows

  • Michael Walker, President, Fraser Institute Foundation
  • Gerry Angevine, Senior Fellow in the Centre for Energy and Natural Resource Studies
  • Sonia Arrison, Senior Fellow in Technology Policy and analysis
  • Professor Eugene Beaulieu, Dept. of Economics, University of Calgary
  • Nicholas Bloom, Professor of Economics at Stanford University and a Co-Director of the Productivity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship program at the National Bureau of Economic Research
  • Martin Collacott, former Canadian Ambassador, Senior Fellow for Immigration and Refugee Policy
  • Livio Di Matteo, Professor of Economics at Lakehead University
  • John Dobra, Founding Director of the Natural Resource Industry Institute and Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Nevada, Reno
  • Alan Dowd, Senior Editor of Fraser Insight, researcher on defense and security
  • Stephen T. Easton, Dept. of Economics, Simon Fraser University
  • Joel Emes, Former senior advisor to British Columbia’s provincial government
  • Nadeem Esmail, Researcher on healthcare
  • Tawni Ferrarini, Sam M. Cohodas Professor of the Center for Economic Education and Entrepreneurship at Northern Michigan University
  • Tom Flanagan, Professor of Political Science at the University of Calgary
  • Jonathan Fortier, Consultant and guest lecturer
  • Glenn Fox, Agricultural and natural resource economist
  • Todd Gabel, Assistant Professor of Economics at Middle Tennessee State University
  • Gordon Gibson, Chair of the Audit Committee of the Westshore Terminals Income Fund
  • Stephen Globerman, Kaiser Professor of International Business and Director of the Center for International Business at Western Washington University
  • Wilf Gobert, Oil industry financial analyst
  • John R. Graham, Chartered Financial Analyst, Senior Fellow of the National Center for Policy Analysis and an Adjunct Scholar of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy
  • Herbert Grubel, Emeritus Professor of Economics from Simon Fraser University in British Columbia
  • Csaba Hajdu, Principal of Paprika Consulting
  • Michael (Mike) Harris, former Premier of Ontario
  • David R. Henderson, Associate Professor of Economics at the Naval Postgraduate School
  • Claudia R. Hepburn, Founder of the Children First School Choice Trust
  • Steven Horwitz, Charles A. Dana Professor of Economics and department chair at St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York
  • Jerry L. Jordan, Former president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
  • Lynne Kiesling, Distinguished Senior Lecturer in Economics at Northwestern University
  • Stephen Kirchner, Research fellow at Australia's Centre for Independent Studies
  • Rainer Knopff, Researcher on public law, civil liberties, and political thought
  • Marc Law, Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Vermont
  • Danny Le Roy, Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Lethbridge
  • Kristina Lyebecker, Associate Professor of Economics at Colorado College
  • Preston Manning, Former leader of the Reform Party of Canada
  • Ross McKitrick, Professor in the Department of Economics, University of Guelph
  • Jean-Luc Migue, Professor of Economics at the School of Public Administration at Laval University
  • John Merrifield, Dept. of Economics, University of Texas at San Antonio
  • Jean-Luc Migué
  • Lydia Miljan, Former Director of the Institute's Alberta Policy Research Centre and the National Media ArchiveAssociate, Professor, Department of Political Science at the University of Windsor
  • Mark Milke, Author of four books on Canadian politics and policy and dozens of studies on property rights, public sector pensions, corporate welfare, competition policy, aboriginal matters, and taxes.
  • Alexander Moens, Professor of International Relations, Simon Fraser University
  • Robert Murphy, Research fellow on free markets
  • Robert Ouellet, Radiologist, Former President of the Quebec Medical Association
  • Filip Palda, Professor at l'École Nationale d'Administration Publique in Montreal
  • Sandra Peart, Dean of the Jepson School of Leadership Studies (University of Richmond), director of the annual Summer Institute for the History of Economic Thought
  • Nigel Rawson, Pharmacoepidemiologist, pharmaceutical policy researcher, and President of Eastlake Research Group
  • Chris Sarlo, Professor of Economics at Nipissing University in North Bay, Ontario
  • David Schmidtz, Kendrick Professor of Philosophy and a joint Professor of Economics at the University of Arizona
  • Pierre Simard, Professor of Social Sciences at École nationale d’administration publique (ENAP)
  • Aeon J. Skoble, Professor of Philosophy and Chairman of the Philosophy Department at Bridgewater State University
  • Cornelias "Kees" van Kooten, Canada Research Chair in Environmental Studies and Climate at the University of Victoria
  • Joel Wood, Associate Professor of Economics at Thompson Rivers University, former Associate Director of Environment and Risk and Regulation Policy at the Fraser Institute
  • Moin Yahya, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Alberta
  • Paul Zak, Professor of Economics, Department Chair, and founding Director of the Center for Neuroeconomics Studies at Claremont Graduate University

Former Senior Research Staff

  • Mark Mullins, Executive Director
  • Michael Walker, President, Fraser Institute Foundation and Senior Fellow
  • Gerry Angevine, Senior Economist, Energy Studies
  • Jason Clemens, Director of Fiscal Studies and the Centre for Entrepreneurship and Markets
  • Peter Cowley, Director, School Performance Studies
  • Nadeem Esmail, Director, Health System Performance Studies
  • Heather Holden, Director of the Risk and Environment Policy Centre
  • Claudia R. Hepburn, Director, Education Policy
  • Amela Karabegovic, Senior Research Economist, Globalization Studies
  • Sylvia LeRoy, Policy Analyst
  • Fred McMahon, Director, Centre for Globalization Studies
  • Rena Menaker, Policy Analyst, Health System Performance Studies
  • Milagros Palacios, Research Economist, Fiscal Studies
  • Mark Rovere, Policy Analyst, Health and Pharmaceutical Policy
  • Nicholas Schneider, Policy Analyst, Centre for Risk, Regulation, and Environment
  • Brett J. Skinner, Manager of Pharmaceutical and Health Policy Research
  • Niels Veldhuis, Senior Research Economist

Former Senior Administrative Staff

  • Annabel Addington, Director of Educational Programs
  • Deborah Ng, Director of Finance
  • J. Kristin McCahon, Director of Publication Production
  • Sherry Stein, Director of Development
  • Dean Pelkey, Associate Director of Communications

Former Editorial Advisory Board

  • Professor Armen Alchian
  • Professor Terry Anderson
  • Professor Robert Barro
  • Professor Michael Bliss
  • Professor James M. Buchanan|J.M. Buchanan
  • Professor Jean-Pierre Centi
  • Professor Bev Dahlby
  • Professor Erwin Diewert
  • Professor Stephen Easton
  • Professor J.C. Herbert Emery
  • Professor J. L. Granatstein
  • Dr. Herbert Grubel
  • Professor James Gwartney
  • Professor Ronald W. Jones
  • Dr. Jerry Jordan
  • Professor Ross McKitrick
  • Professor Michael Parkin
  • Professor Friedrich Schneider
  • Professor L.B. Smith
  • Sir Alan Walters

Former Board of Directors

  • Peter Brown, Chairman
  • Brad Bennett, Vice Chairmen
  • Mark W. Mitchell, Vice Chairmen
  • Salem Ben Nasser Al Ismaily, Board Member
  • Gordon E. Arnell, Board Member
  • Kathy Assayag, Board Member
  • Joni Avram, Board Member
  • Ryan Beedie, Board Member
  • Edward Belzberg, Board Member
  • Joseph C. Canavan, Board Member
  • Alex A. Chafuen, Board Member
  • Derwood S. Chase, Jr., Board Member
  • Tracie Crook, Board Member
  • James W. Davidson, Board Member
  • W. Robert Farquharson, Board Member
  • Dave Filmon, Board Member
  • Greg C. Fleck, Board Member
  • Shaun Francis, Board Member
  • Peter Grosskopf, Board Member
  • Ned Goodman, Board Member
  • John A. Hagg, Board Member
  • Claudia Hepburn, Board Member
  • Paul Hill, Board Member
  • Stephen A. Hynes, Board Member
  • Charles A. Jeannes, Board Member
  • C. Kent Jespersen, Board Member
  • Andrew Judson, Board Member
  • Hassan Khosrowshahi, Board Member
  • Craig Langdon, Board Member
  • Pierre H. Lessard, Board Member
  • Brandt Louie, Board Member
  • David R. Mackenzie, Board Member
  • James L. McGovern, Board Member
  • Tracey McVicar, Board Member
  • George Melville, Board Member
  • Gwyn Morgan, Board Member
  • Eleanor Nicholls, Board Member
  • John O'Neill, Board Member
  • Sue Paish, Board Member
  • Herbert C. Pinder, Jr., Board Member
  • Ron Poelzer, Board Member
  • H. Sanford Riley, Board Member
  • Frank Rochon, Board Member
  • Rod Senft, Board Member
  • William W. Siebens, Board Member
  • Anna Stylianides, Board Member
  • Arni C. Thorsteinson, Board Member
  • Niels Veldhuis, Board Member
  • Michael A. Walker, Board Member
  • Jonathan Wener, Board Member
  • T. Patrick Boyle, Founder and Honorary Chairman for Life
  • David Carter, Secretary-Treasurer

Contact information

EIN: 98-0032427

Vancouver Office:
4th Floor, 1770 Burrard Street
Vancouver BC
Canada V6J 3G7
Tel: 604-688-0221
Fax: 604-688-8539

Calgary Office:
403 - 525 11th Avenue S.W.
Calgary, Alberta
Canada T2R 0C9
Tel: 403-216-7175
Fax: 403-234-9010

Toronto Office:
401 – 1491 Yonge Street
Toronto, Ontario
Canada M4T 1Z4
Tel: 416-363-6575
Fax: 416-934-1639

Montreal Office:
1470 Peel Street
Hermes Building
Tower B, Suite 252
Montreal QC H3A 1T1
Tel: 514-281-9550
Fax: 514-281-9464

Website (English): https://www.fraserinstitute.org/
Site Web (Français): https://www.fraserinstitute.org/fr
FraserForum Blog: https://www.fraserinstitute.org/blogs
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/FraserInstitute/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/FraserInstitute
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-fraser-institute

Articles and Resources

Related SourceWatch articles

External articles

Resources

  • Richard Cockett,Thinking the unthinkable: think-tanks and the economic counter-revolution, 1931-1983, Fontana Press, 1995, ISBN 0006375863

References

  1. State Policy Network, Associate Member Updates: July/August 2017", SPN website, Accessed July 28, 2017.
  2. State Policy Network, Associate Member Updates: May/June 2016, SPN website, Accessed July 28, 2017.
  3. State Policy Network, Associate Member Updates: August/September 2016, SPN website, Accessed July 28, 2017.
  4. State Policy Network, Associate Member Updates: October/November 2016, SPN website, Accessed July 28, 2017.
  5. State Policy Network, Associate Member Updates: December 2016, SPN website, Accessed July 28, 2017.
  6. State Policy Network, Associate Member Updates: January/February 2017, SPN website, Accessed July 28, 2017.
  7. State Policy Network, Associate Member Updates: March/April 2017, SPN website, Accessed July 28, 2017.
  8. State Policy Network, Associate Member Updates: May/June 2017, SPN website, Accessed July 28, 2017.
  9. State Policy Network, Associate Member Updates: May/June 2017, SPN website, Accessed July 28, 2017.
  10. David Armiak, https://www.exposedbycmd.org/2019/11/13/revenue-state-policy-network-state-affiliates-tops-120-million/ Revenue for State Policy Network and State Affiliates Tops $120 Million], ExposedbyCMD, November 13, 2019.
  11. Rebekah Wilce, Center for Media and Democracy, EXPOSED: The State Policy Network -- The Powerful Right-Wing Network Helping to Hijack State Politics and Government, organizational report, November 13, 2013.
  12. Jane Mayer, Is IKEA the New Model for the Conservative Movement?, The New Yorker, November 15, 2013.
  13. Ed Pilkington and Suzanne Goldenberg, State conservative groups plan US-wide assault on education, health and tax, The Guardian, December 5, 2013.
  14. The Charles Koch Institute, 2015 Economic Freedom of the World, The Charles Koch Institute website, September 14, 2015.
  15. The Charles Koch Institute, Economic Freedom of North America 2015, The Charles Koch Institute website, 2015.
  16. Daniel Tencer, Koch Brothers, Tea Party Billionaires, Donated To Right-Wing Fraser Institute, Reports Show, The Huffington Post Canada, March 21, 2014.
  17. 17.0 17.1 Alexis Stoymenoff,“Charitable” Fraser Institute accepted $500k in foreign funding from Koch oil billionaires “Charitable” Fraser Institute accepted $500k in foreign funding from Koch oil billionaires, The Vancouver Observer, April 25, 2012.
  18. American Legislative Exchange Council, "Energy, Environment, and Agriculture 2011 Annual Meeting Task Force Meeting," speaker biographies and materials, August 4, 2011, on file with CMD
  19. The Bradley Foundation, Created in Wisconsin, "Economics for Opinion Leaders" program goes international, On-Lion Letter, February 2015,
  20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "The Fraser Institute at 30", CBC News Online, October 12, 2004.
  21. Richard Cockett,Thinking the unthinkable: think-tanks and the economic counter-revolution, 1931-1983, Fontana Press, 1995.
  22. Willie Soon, Sallie L. Baliunas, Arthur B. Robinson and Zachary W. Robinson, Global Warming: A Guide to the Science, The Fraser Institute, Accessed July 27, 2017.
  23. Ross McKitrick, Independent Summary for Policymakers, The Fraser Institute, Accessed July 27, 2017.
  24. Core Writing Team, Rajendra K. Pachauri, and Andy Reisinger, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, The Fraser Institute, Accessed July 27, 2017.
  25. Kenneth P. Green, Tim Ball, and Steven Schroeder, The Science Isn't Settled: The Limitations of Global Climate Models, The Fraser Institute, July 6, 2004.
  26. Brendan DeMelle, Squadron of Oil Executives on Fraser Institute Board of Directors, The Huffington Post, May 25, 2011.
  27. The Fraser Institute, The Quarterly, The Fraser institute website, Accessed July 26, 2017.
  28. The Fraser Institute, Fraser Institute Annual Reports, The Fraser institute website, Accessed July 26, 2017.
  29. Conservative Transparency, Total Value Of Contributions: Fraser Institute, Conservative Transparency website, Accessed July 26, 2017.
  30. 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 Conservative Transparency, Top Supporters of Fraser Institute, Conservative Transparency website, Accessed July 26, 2017.
  31. 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 ProPublica, Fraser Institute, ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, Accessed July 26, 2017.
  32. The Fraser Institute, Our Team, The Fraser institute website, Accessed July 26, 2017.
  33. The Fraser Institute, Senior Research Staff, The Fraser institute website, Accessed July 26, 2017.
  34. The Fraser Institute, Senior Fellows, The Fraser institute website, Accessed July 26, 2017.
  35. The Fraser Institute, Topic Experts, The Fraser institute website, Accessed July 26, 2017.

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